Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pǝ̀-pǝ́ (~-ua-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: cheek

Russian meaning: щека

Old Japanese: p(w)op(w)o

Middle Japanese: fòfó

Tokyo: hóo, hóho

Kyoto: hóò

Kagoshima: hóo

Comments: JLTT 414. The Kyoto and Kagoshima accent contradicts the old records and the Tokyo evidence: this is probably due to contraction.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`ŭ̀lo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: cheek

Russian meaning: щека

Mongolian: *hurul

Tungus-Manchu: *pul-

Korean: *pór-

Japanese: *pǝ̀-pǝ́ (~-ua-)

Comments: EAS 55, Цинциус 1984, 53, Lee 1958, 110, АПиПЯЯ 75, Martin 228. Mong. *hurul regularly < *hulu-r. As for the Jpn. form, it may be a reduplication (as thought traditionally; in this case *pǝ- < *p`ùl(o)-gV), or reflect an already suffixed form, cf. e. g. Nan. polpị ( < *p`ùlo-pV).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *hurul

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: lip

Russian meaning: губа

Written Mongolian: urul, ulur, uruɣul (L 886)

Middle Mongolian: xurül (HY 46), horol (IM), hurul (MA), horūl (LH)

Khalkha: ural, urūl

Buriat: ural

Kalmuck: urḷ, ūrḷ

Ordos: urūl

Dongxian: furuŋ, furun, furǝu

Dagur: xorōl, xorol, xollo (Тод. Даг. 178), horele (MD 164)

Monguor: urōl (with unclear loss of h-)

Mogol: urul (Weiers), ulur (Ramstedt 1906); KT orol (2-1a)

Comments: KW 451, MGCD 682.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pul-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 corner (of mouth) 2 cheek 3 inner side of cheek 4 gum 5 cheekbone 6 nose (of animal)

Russian meaning: 1 уголок (рта) 2 щека 3 внутренняя сторона щеки 4 десна 5 скула 6 нос (зверя)

Evenki: hullir 6

Even: hulrъ̣n 3

Negidal: xolịn 1

Literary Manchu: fulǯin 2

Ulcha: pụ̄lị (Sch.) 5, pụltụ(n) 3

Orok: pụlčị 3

Nanai: polpị̃ 3 , (Bik.) felče 4

Comments: ТМС 2, 346.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pór-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: cheek

Russian meaning: щека

Modern Korean: pol

Middle Korean: pó-čjókái

Comments: Nam 261, KED 803.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVlV

Meaning: cheek ?

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *p`ŭ̀lo

Uralic: peljä

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *vilvǝ-

Uralic etymology :

Number: 750

Proto: *peljä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: ear

German meaning: Ohr

Saam (Lapp): bæl'lje -llj- (N) 'Ohr', piel'jē ~ päl'jē (L) 'Ohr; Henkel, Griff an einem Topf od. Kessel', pielje (T), pielj (Kld.), pelj (Not.), peĺ (A) 'Ohr'

Mordovian: piĺe (E), piĺä (M)

Mari (Cheremis): pǝlǝš (KB), pǝ̑lš (U), pǝ̑lǝ̑š (B)

Udmurt (Votyak): peĺ (S G)

Komi (Zyrian): peĺ (S P PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): pĕl (V), pĕt (DN), pĕl (O)

Mansi (Vogul): piĺ (TJ), päĺ (KU), pǟĺ (P), paĺ (So.) 'Ohr'; paĺt- (LO) 'horchen'

Hungarian: fül (dial. fil, fǐl, fily, füly) 'Ohr', figyel-, fülel- 'horchen, achtgeben, aufmerken'

Sammalahti's version: *peljä

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *vilvǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): ухо

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *biɫu=

Proto-Itelmen: *'ẹlwẹ-, *'il(u)-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *biɫu=

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): ухо

Chukchee: víɫu=

Koryak: viɫu=

Palan: vilu=

Alutor: vilu=

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *'elɣʷă-, *'il(u)- EI

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): ухо

Itelmen: 'elwe-leŋ sg. (elwele-'in poss.), 'il' pl. ('il-'i'in poss. pl.) 1, 'iɫu-q 2

Itelmen meaning: ухо 1, неслух (= безухий) 2

West Itelmen: 'ǝlluɣu-lǝn sg., ['illa*] pl. 1, 'iĺu-k-ǝn 2, 'ile-kǝn 3

West Itelmen meaning: aures 1, carens auribus, surdus 2, surditas 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): uszy 1, pozbawiony uszów, gɫuchy 2, gɫuchota 3

South Itelmen: i̯au̯in sg., 'ivu-t, ['iɣi̯-ad*] pl.

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): auris

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): ucho

Number in Volodin 1976: 55, 148, 117, 165

Stebnitsky reference: 89

Comments: 'Глухой' образован с помощью каритивного конфикса *'e-...-k-.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : edge

Eurasiatic : *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)

Afroasiatic : ?? Som. bāl 'side, edge'

Sino-Caucasian : *bʕā́ɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Austric : PAN *papaR, PAA *pVʔ 'cheek' ?

Notes : Probably more than one root.

Reference : ND 1697 (Som.-Nostr.).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bʕā́ɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Meaning: edge

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bʕāɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Sino-Tibetan: *phăH ( ~ bh-)

Burushaski: *bal

Basque: *beɫɦa-r̄

Comments and references : BDC 6; LDC 15 (following Bouda 1950) and MCGD 3 compare rather Tib. dpral `forehead' (?).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bʕāɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: edge, end

Proto-Nakh: *bʕāl

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *bala (~o)

Proto-Tsezian: *bil

Proto-Lezghian: *p:aIl:

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (although there is a small discrepancy in laryngeal reflexes: we should rather expect in Avar an immobile (A) paradigm corresponding to PN *-ʕ- and PL pharyngealization).

    The original meaning must have been "edge, protruding end" preserved in PAA, whence "lip" (PTs) or "forehead" (PL); finally "end" > "game end, set" in PN. EC source is probable for Osset. bɨl / bilä 'lip', see Abayev 1958, 277-278.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʕāl

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: set (in a game)

Chechen: bal

Ingush: bʕal

Comments: Obl. stem *bʕālu-, cf. Chech. bōla-. 6th class in Chech. and Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *bala (~o)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 crest, top 2 edge, end, corner

Avar: bal 1,2

Chamalal: bala 2

Tindi: bala 2

Comments: Av. paradigm C (balá-l, bála-l). Tind. > Inkh. bala 'edge'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *bil

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lip

Gunzib: bil

Comments: Isolated in Gunz., but having probable external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *p:aIl:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 forehead 2 horn

Lezghian: p:el 1

Rutul: bäl 1

Kryz: bel 1

Budukh: beliǯ 1

Archi: bat 2

Comment: Cf. also Rut. Khn. baIl, Arch. pl. bat:ur 'horns', bat-karṭi 'sinciput'. Obl. base *p:aIl:a- (cf. Lezg. p:ele-, Rut. bäli-). 4th class in Rut., Kryz. and Bud., but 3d class in Arch.

    See Талибов 1980, 274.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phăH ( ~ bh-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cheek

Chinese: 輔 *b_aʔ upper jaw.

Burmese: pah cheek, LB *pax.

Kiranti: *phò-su

Chinese characters :

Character: 輔

Modern (Beijing) reading: fǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)aʔ

Classic Old Chinese: b(h)á

Western Han Chinese: b(h)á

Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)wá

Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wó

Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wó

Middle Chinese: bǘ

English meaning : to help, support; support, supporter; struts

Russian meaning[s]: 1) помогать, поддерживать; помощник, консультант; 2) скулы; 3) отводы у повозки; 4) Фу (фамилия)

Comments: Used also for a homonymous *b(h)aʔ 'upper jaw'. Modern 3d tone is irregular.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 159

Four-angle index: 3652

Karlgren code: 0102 v-x

Vietnamese reading: phụ

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1922

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 輔

MC description : 遇合三上噳奉

ZIHUI: 6534 0781

Beijing: fu 2

Jinan: fu 2

Xi'an: fu 2

Taiyuan: fu 2

Hankou: fu 2

Chengdu: fu 2

Yangzhou: fu 2

Suzhou: fu 2

Wenzhou: fu 21

Changsha: fu 2

Shuangfeng: xǝu 2

Nanchang: phu 2

Meixian: fu 2

Guangzhou: fu 32

Xiamen: hu 2

Chaozhou: hu 22

Fuzhou: xu 32

Shanghai: fu 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: fu 3

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *phòsu

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: cheek

Tulung: phosü (also phosip)

Kaling: phosu

Dumi: busu

Kulung: phɔusi

Comments: Initial b- in Dumi is unclear. Toba 88 *phosu(y).

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: busu

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: cheek

Nepali: gālā.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: phɔusi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: cheek

Nepali: gālā.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *bal

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: wall

Yasin: bal

Hunza: bal

Nagar: bal

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *beɫɦa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 forehead 2 eyebrow 3 side, back (of mattress, pillow) 4 crust (of bread)

Bizkaian: (Ispaster, Markina) belaar 3

High Navarrese: bepelar 2

Low Navarrese: belhar 1

Salazarese: belar 1

Lapurdian: belhar, belar 1

Aezkoan: bepelar 2

Zuberoan: belar 1, ogi-belar 4

Comments: Meanings 3 and 4 are analogous to the NC meanings 'edge, end, corner' (Chamali, Tindi bala, Avar bal, etc.).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *pVɣ (?)

Meaning: cheek

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: pVʔ

Austroasiatic meaning: cheek

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *p[ui].A chin, cheek

Proto-Austronesian: *papaR (but cf. *SipaR)

Austronesian meaning: cheek

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: pVʔ

Meaning: cheek

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Palaungic: Wa *paʔ

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: cheek

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: má

Vietnamese meaning: cheek

Muong dialect: ma.3

Nguon dialect (1): ma.3

Nguon dialect (2): ma.3

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *paʔ, S-

Meaning: cheek

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *paʔ, S-

Proto-Plang: **paʔ, S-

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: cheek

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: baʔ, si-

Paraok meaning: cheek

Wa: paʔ

Wa meaning: cheek

Ava: paʔ

Lawa: paʔ, sǝ-

Lawa meaning: cheek

References: D-103: *s(m)paʔ

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