Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`èrì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: edge

Russian meaning: край

Turkic: *Erneg

Mongolian: *hir-

Tungus-Manchu: *pere

Japanese: *piàrì

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 69-70, АПиПЯЯ 12, 281, ЭСТЯ 1, 301. Jpn. *piari instead of *piri probably under the influence of *pia 'edge, border' q. v. (or else it may indicate a reconstruction *p`èjrì). Cf. *p`ire.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Erneg

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: edge (of a dish)

Russian meaning: край, кромка (посуды)

Turkish: ernek (dial.)

Tatar: irnäw

Middle Turkic: ernek (Pav. C.)

Turkmen: erŋek

Kirghiz: erdȫ

Kazakh: ernew

Bashkir: irne- 'to border'

Karakalpak: ernek

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 301. The root is attested late and may be theoretically derived from *Erin 'lip' (v. sub *i̯ằré); however, the latter can also mean 'edge (of a dish)' in some languages and one can suspect that PT actually merged *Erin 'lip' and *Erin 'edge', while the form *Erneg was derived only from the latter.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *hir-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 floor, ground 2 bottom 3 blade, edge (of knife) 4 edge, border, shore

Russian meaning: 1 пол, почва 2 дно 3 лезвие, острие (ножа) 4 острый край, берег

Written Mongolian: iruɣar, iruɣal 1 (L 415), ir 3 (L 412), irmeg 4 (L 415)

Middle Mongolian: xiru'ar (HY 51), xira'ur (SH), hiruar, hirur (MA) 1

Khalkha: jorōl 2, ir 3, irmeg 4

Buriat: ojōr 2, eŕ 3, erimeg 4

Kalmuck: jorāl 2

Ordos: irōl 2, īrmek

Dongxian: širo 1

Baoan: holǝr 1

Dagur: xigōr 1, xir 3 (Тод. Даг. 146: ir < lit.), šowōre, šigōre 2, šire 3 (MD 215)

Shary-Yoghur: horūl 1, hir 3, ermeg 4 ( < lit.)

Monguor: ir 3 ( < lit.)

Comments: KW 219, MGCD 411, 412, 740.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pere

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: bottom, floor

Russian meaning: дно, пол

Evenki: here

Even: her

Negidal: xeje

Spoken Manchu: ferǝ (2594)

Literary Manchu: fere

Ulcha: pere(g)

Orok: pereɣ, perel

Nanai: pereg, perel

Oroch: xē

Udighe: xē

Solon: eri

Comments: ТМС 2, 368-371 (PTM *per-gī 'bottom' and *pere-mǖ 'sole' are derived from the same root).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *piàrì

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: edge, brink

Russian meaning: край

Middle Japanese: fèrì

Tokyo: herí

Kyoto: hérì

Kagoshima: herí

Comments: JLTT 404.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗerV

Meaning: edge

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *per-

Altaic: *p`eri

Uralic: *perä (also pertV 'side')

Kartvelian: *ṗir- (+ *ṗirw- 826)

Dravidian: *pur_-/*per_- (*-d_-)

Comments: Cf. also PA *p`ìrá 'far', *p`ire 'bank' (for 'one' cf. also PA *bi̯uri; PD *ver_- 'empty; alone'?]; PD *paṛ-[k-] 'side'.

References: ND 1761 *ṗerä 'ground, earth' (Mong., TM + dub. FV, CChad. and Akk.); 1763 *ṗeR[o] 'lip, edge' (same Mong., Jap., incorr. Turk. + FU *pertV + IE + Kartv.), 1764 *P_erV 'bottom, buttocks' (same TM + Ur. *perä + dub. Drav.). Probably 2 roots, but with different division (A: Alt. *p`eri : Drav. *paṛ-; B: Alt. *p`ira : Drav. *per_-, with a confusion in other families?). Cf. also: PA *pĭ́rò (~ b-) 'beak, nose'; IE *bhrn- 'mouth', *bhrd- 'hill, edge'; Cush. *pVr- 'lip, face' (ND 1763); ST *b(h)ēr 'side'; NC *pŭrV 'part of face under the nose' (so far not enough to make a deeper etymology); Austric: PAA *pɛ:r 'edge, bank', Kmr. kpe:r 'near', Munda hopor id., PAN *SipaR 'opposite side', *papaR 'cheek, side', hampir 'near, close by'; PAA *bʔǝr / *bʔuar 'mouth, lip', PAN *biRbiR 'lip', *su(m)bir 'rim, edge, border, lip', *birbir 'edge'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *per-

Meaning: prep./adv.: around

Hittite: para 'vorwärts, hervor, hinaus' (Friedrich 159), piran 'vorn, voran' (170)

Tokharian: A ana-pär, B ene-pre (PT *ene-pre) 'before, in front of' (Adams 84); A pärne, B parna 'outside' (PT *päränā-i) (359); A pärwat, B parwe 'earlier, first' (PT *pärwe) (360)

Old Indian: pári adv. 'round, around', pári prp. 'around smth., over smth.'

Avestan: pairi prp. 'um-herum'

Other Iranian: OPers pariy prp. 'um-herum'

Old Greek: péri, perí, dial. pér adv. 'um herum, durch und durch', prf. 'über etwas hinaus, über, vorüber, herum, -um', vor Adj. 'sehr, überaus', prp. 'um--herum, in etwas umher, um (dē); um--herum, um (wegen); 'um (den Bereich einer Sache) herum; um (= in betreff), wegen'

Slavic: *per, *per-

Baltic: *per̂-, *par̂-

Germanic: *furi, *fura; *fir-

References: WP II 29 ff

Comments: + *pres, *pros, *pr̥-, *p(e)ra, *prō̆, *proti, *pru, *porsō(d)

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *per̂-, *par̂-

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: pér-, dial. pár- prf., par- 'zurück, heim', per̃, dial. par̃ 'durch, über-weg, über-hin, um-herum, vermittels'

Old Prussian: per, par

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *furi, *fura; *fir-

Meaning: praep./adv.

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: fɔra; fɔrra

Old Norse: fyr 'vor, durch, wegen, trotz'; adv. ferri, fjarri

Swedish: för; fjär

Old English: fore; adv. feor(r); fore

English: far; for

Old Frisian: fore

Old Saxon: furi 'hervor, voraus, vor, für, wegen'; for(a), fore; adv. ferr; for(a), fore, far

Middle Dutch: vōre, voor

Dutch: voor

Middle Low German: vȫr

Old High German: furi prp. 'für, wegen, vor, statt', adv. 'voraus'; fora; ferro '(von) fern, weit (weg), weitab, weithin, hoch, viel, sehr', fer 'fern, wie' (8.Jh.); fora (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: vür(e) prp. (lokal) 'vor etw. jin, gegen, für, vorbei an, vorwärts, statt', (temporal) 'fernerhin, seit', adv. 'vor, nach vorne hin, hervor, voraus, vorbei, vorwärts' [= MG vur(e), vor(e)]; vor(e); verre 'fern, entfernt, weit, auswärtig, fremd'; vor(e)

German: für prp. 'anstätt, anstelle, zugunsten'; fern adj. 'weit weg, abgelegen, vor oder nach langer Zeit'; vor prd./adv.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 757

Proto: *perä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: behind, place behind

German meaning: Hinterraum, Hinterteil

Finnish: perä 'das Hintere, Unterteil, Grund' ( > Saam. N bærre -ǣr- 'disease which is hereditary in the family', bærrai (postp.) 'as regards, about')

Estonian: pära 'das letzte, Hinterste, Hinterteil, Boden (eines Gefäßes)'

Mordovian: pŕa, folk. piŕa (E M) 'Kopf, Haupt, Gipfel, Ähre'

Udmurt (Votyak): ber (S G) 'Hinterteil, Hinteres, Rücken eines Gegenstandes', ber (MU) 'zurück'

Khanty (Ostyak): pĕrtäɣ (V), pȧ̆rtȧ (O) 'zurück, nach hinten'

Mansi (Vogul): pärǝ^.w (TJ), pärǝj (KU), pär (P) 'zurück'

Sammalahti's version: FP *perä

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṗir-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: край

English meaning: edge

Georgian: ṗir-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): рот, лицо, край

Georgian meaning (Engl.): mouth, face, edge

Megrel: ṗiǯ-

Svan: ṗil-, bil-

Laz: ṗiǯ-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 153, EWK 273-274. В МССНЯ 345 сравнивается с алт. *p`eri 'нижний край', урал. *perä 'край', драв. *pir_ 'задний край' < ностр. *ṗerV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *pur_-/*per_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : outside, exterior

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *pur_-/*per_-

Proto-Telugu : *per_-

Notes : Very probably two roots.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *pUr_-/*pIr_-

Meaning : outside

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : pur_am, pur_an_

Tamil meaning : outside, exterior, that which is foreign; aspersion, calumny

Tamil derivates : adj. pur_a-, pur_am-; pur_akku outside; pur_aku excluded person or thing; pur_aṇi slander; outer bark, skin, anything that is outside; pur_atti that which is outside, foreign, extrinsic; pur_attavan_, pur_attiyan_ foreigner, stranger; pur_ampu the exterior, outside, that which is separate, other; pur_ampar the outside; pur_avu, pur_avam forest, jungle, forest tract, hilly tract; pur_a-ppaṭu (-ppaṭuv-, -ppaṭṭ-) to set forth, proceed, start, go out; pir_a other things; pir_ar outsiders, strangers; pir_an_ another man, stranger; fem. pir_aḷ; pir_itu other thing; pir_āṇṭu elsewhere

Malayalam : pur_am

Malayalam meaning : the outside, west; beyond, more than

Malayalam derivates : adj. pur_a; pur_attu out, out of; pir_an other

Kannada : por_a, por_agu, por_age

Kannada meaning : the outside, outside

Kannada derivates : por_abiga stranger, alien; hor_accu the outside; hor_atu, hortu that is outside, that is excepted; being left alone, being not that, being not present; except, without; hor_ame that is outside or in the rear; hor_aḍu (hor_aṭ-/hoṇṭ- < *por_a-vaḍu-) to go outside or out of, come forth, set out, start, appear (as a boil); hor_aḍisu to cause to go outside or out of, cause to start; per_a outer place, other side; her_agu other side, outside

Kodagu : porame

Kodagu meaning : outside

Kodagu derivates : poraḍ- (poraḍuv-, poraṭ-) to start, set out, depart

Tulu : pida

Tulu meaning : outer

Tulu derivates : pidayi outer; out, outside, abroad; pidāḍuni to start, depart; pidāḍāvuni to cause to start or depart

Proto-Nilgiri : *por_-

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) pedamayi outside; pedaḍɨ to come out, start

Notes : The root is present in two forms - *pUr_- and *pIr_-; the i-tinged variant is universal only in Tulu (possibly - in Kodagu, where both phonemes would have merged between a labial and an alveolar anyway, so it's impossible to tell whether Kod. poraḍ- goes back to *pUr_- or *pIr_-). It is notable that all the i-tinged forms usually share the meaning 'other, other side' as contrasted with 'outside', so we may indeed deal here with two different roots that have unfortunately merged completely in Tulu (as well as in Telugu).

Number in DED : 4333

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *por_-

Meaning : outside

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : poranj "the outside, place outside"

Toda : pɨr_-mun "the outside"

Additional forms : Also Kota por kay the right shoulder bare (e. g. at ceremonies); por pal teeth that grow irregularly and crooked; Toda pɨr_ nōṛ the southwestern area of the Nilgiris that is hilly/jungly; wɨr_oc fȫr nickname, name used in abuse or ridicule (< Badaga)

Number in DED : 4333

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *per_-

Meaning : foreign, other, different

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : per_a

Additional forms : Also ? pur_r_a adv. left

Number in DED : 4333

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVRV

Meaning : edge, side

Eurasiatic : *ṗerV

Afroasiatic : Cush. *pVr- lip, face; Chad. *fVr- ground, Akk parattu Festland

Sino-Caucasian : *pV(ɦ)rV

Austric : *pVr

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-bádì 'side'.

Notes : Several roots that need to be sorted out. Here Ainu *pra- 'mouth, edge'.

Reference : Peiros 1989, 129.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pV́(ɦ)rV

Meaning: side, face

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pŭ(ɦ)rV

Sino-Tibetan: *b(h)ēr

Yenisseian: *pɔ̄r (*pɔʔr)

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pŭrV

Meaning: part of face under the nose; nose

Proto-Tsezian: *poro

Proto-West Caucasian: *pʷA

Notes: Phonetically and semantically the correspondence between PC and PWC is quite satisfactory.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *poro

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: part of face under the nose

Bezhta: poro

Gunzib: poro

Comments: PGB *poro.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *pʷA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nose

Abkhaz: a-pǝ́-nc̣a

Abaza: pǝnc̣a

Adyghe: pa

Kabardian: pa

Ubykh: fa-ć'á

Comments: PAT *pǝ-nǝ-ć̣a (cf. also Bz. a-pǝ́nć̣). Etymology of *-ć̣a (= Ub. -ć̣a) see under *(p-)ć̣a. PAK *pa. The morpheme *pʷA 'nose, front' does not occur independently outside AK, but is present in many compounds both in AA and Ubykh (cf. PAT *pǝ-lA 'meet', *pǝ-cǝ '(front) tooth' etc.; Ub. fa-La 'face' /'nose'+'eye'/ etc.).

    The PAT form *pǝnǝć̣a can not be kept apart from Osset. fɨnʒ 'nose' (see Abayev 1958, 497); since the PAT form has a clear morphological structure, we must acknowledge that it is also the ultimate source of Georg. ṗinčwi and Arm. pinǯ 'nostril'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b(h)ēr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: side

Chinese: 邊 *pēn side, periphery of territory.

Kiranti: *phä̀r

Chinese characters :

Character: 邊

Modern (Beijing) reading: biān

Preclassic Old Chinese: pēn

Classic Old Chinese: pēn

Western Han Chinese: pjān

Eastern Han Chinese: piān

Early Postclassic Chinese: piēn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: piēn

Late Postclassic Chinese: piēn

Middle Chinese: pien

English meaning : side, periphery of territory

Russian meaning[s]: 1) край; бок, сторона; опушка; берег; кайма, обшлаг; поля (бумаги); послелог: с края, около, сбоку; 2) граница; пограничный; сокр. ист. Пограничный район; 3) окраина, захолустье; 4) успешное начало, первый успех; 5) Бянь (фамилия)

Comments: Viet. bên is an older reading; regular Sino-Viet. is biên 'side, edge'. A loan from the same source (with nasal assimilation) may be Viet. miền 'region, district'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 162

Four-angle index: 6559

Karlgren code: 0224 c-e

Go-on: hen

Kan-on: hen

Vietnamese reading: bên

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2449

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 邊

MC description : 山開四平仙幫

ZIHUI: 6708 1771

Beijing: pian 11

Jinan: piã 11

Xi'an: piã 11

Taiyuan: piɛ 1

Hankou: pian 11

Chengdu: pian 11

Yangzhou: pî̃ 11

Suzhou: pî 11

Wenzhou: pi 11

Changsha: piẽ 11

Shuangfeng: pî̃ 11

Nanchang: piɛn 11

Meixian: piɛn 11

Guangzhou: pin 11

Xiamen: pĩ 11

Chaozhou: pieŋ 11

Fuzhou: pieŋ 11

Shanghai: pî 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: pien 1

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *phä̀r

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: side

Tulung: phar side, bank (of river), base (of tree, cliff), quarter (of vilage)

Kaling: phär bank; near, close, part of plant closest to the ground

Dumi: phār

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: pha:r

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: base, fundament, foundation, bottom

Nepali: phed

Comments: cf. tso:, tsupla.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pɔ̄r

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: outer side, face

Ket: hɔĺ⁴, hɔʔl

Kottish: far-pag, farpax, pl. farpagan, farpakan 'tree bark'

Comments: Werner 1, 277, 322 (without comparison and reconstruction).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *pVʔr

Meaning: edge, bank

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *pɛ:r

Austroasiatic meaning: edge, bank

Proto-Austronesian: *SipaR

Austronesian meaning: opposite side, other shore, bank, across, river; *papaR cheek, temple, side, plank; 17:38

Austronesian code: 22:50

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *pɛ:r

Meaning: edge, bank

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: Bru mpɛ:r.N

Khmer: kpe:r

Proto-Khmu: ThK cǝmper

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: kpe:r

Meaning: side, flank, edge

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Comments: JP derive the word from pe:r to turn

References: JP180

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