Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ŋalma

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a biting insect

Russian meaning: кусающее насекомое

Tungus-Manchu: *ŋalma-

Japanese: *àmû

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 81. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ŋalma-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mosquito

Russian meaning: комар

Evenki: ŋanmakta

Negidal: ŋanmakta

Spoken Manchu: Galǝmǝn (2259)

Literary Manchu: Galman

Ulcha: Galmaqta, Garmaqta

Orok: nalmaqta, ŋalmaqta

Nanai: Garmaqta

Oroch: gamakta

Udighe: ŋamakta

Solon: namakta

Comments: ТМС 1, 657.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *àmû

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: gad-fly

Russian meaning: овод, слепень

Old Japanese: amu

Middle Japanese: àbú

Tokyo: ábu

Kyoto: àbû

Kagoshima: abú

Comments: JLTT 376.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ŋalmV

Meaning: bug, flea

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ŋalma

Uralic: *nemV - or nume (nome) 1454

Dravidian: *naḶ- (cf. also *nuḷ- 'gnat' - SDr + Gnd. etc.)

References: ND 1640 *ŋVĺV[h]VmP[i] 'gnat, mosquito' (+ Sem.); part. also in 1600 *ńVĺ/ḷV 'insect'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 600

Proto: *nemV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: midge

German meaning: Mücke

Saam (Lapp): namek (S) 'minima species culicum' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): ni̮mi̮ (S) 'Mücke'

Komi (Zyrian): nom (S P SO), num (PO) 'Mücke'

Nenets (Yurak): ńīperū (O), ńimeĹu (P) 'nach den Stechmücken auftretendes kleines Insekt, Thrips ("мошка")' ?

Selkup: njimarǟ (Ta. B), njeuré (Ke.) 'мошка; eine kleine Mückenart (Thrips)', ńǖrä (Ty.) id.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *naḶ-

Meaning : bug

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *naḷ-

Proto-Telugu : *nall-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *Nanḍ-k-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *naḷ₁

Proto-North Dravidian : *naṛg-ā

Notes : The inlaut consonant is not just regular *-ḷ-, as evidenced by the complicated reflexations in CDR. Cluster?

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *naḷ-

Meaning : flea

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tulu : naḷḷu, nallu

Tulu meaning : a kind of flea which infests poultry, cats, etc.

Number in DED : 3621

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *nall-

Meaning : bedbug

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : nalli

Number in DED : 3621

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *Nanḍ-k-

Meaning : bug

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Salur Gadba : naṇke

Poya Gadba : nanḍke

Kondekor Gadba : naṇke

Number in DED : 3621

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *naḷ₁

Meaning : bug

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *naṛ

Konda : nalu (pl. nalku)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *naṇk- (*-ṛk-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *naṭk-a

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *naṛ

Meaning : bug

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : naṛ

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : nar

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : nar

Muria Gondi : naṛ

Maria Gondi : naṛ(i)

Maria Gondi (Smith) : narè

Durg Gondi : naṛ

Number in DED : 3621

Number in CVOTGD : 1941

Konda etymology :

Konda : nalu (pl. nalku)

Meaning: bug

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : naṛ

Additional forms : Also Konda (N and W) naṛu (pl. naṛku) bug

Number in DED : 3621

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *naṇk- (*-ṛk-)

Meaning : bug

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : naṇka, naṛka

Number in DED : 3621

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *naṭk-a

Meaning : bug

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : nukta (i.e. nakṭa)

Kuwi (Schulze) : naṭka

Sunkarametta Kuwi : nakṭa

Dongriya Kuwi : naṭ'a

Kuwi (Israel) : nakṭa

Notes : The metathese is *-ṭk- > -kṭ- (cf. PNDR *naṛgā id.); the mark "i.e. nakṭa" in Kuwi_F belongs to B&E - they are probably right, although I don't know why.

Number in DED : 3621

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *naṛg-ā

Meaning : bug

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : naṛgā

Malto : naṛge

Number in DED : 3621

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : NVLMV

Meaning : worm, insect

Eurasiatic : *ŋalmV

Afroasiatic : *n/lVm(lVm)-

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *n/lVm(lVm)-

Meaning: ant

Semitic: *nimm- 'ant; louse' ~ *n/lamal- 'ant'

Central Chadic: *lim- 'termite' 1, 'k of insect' 2

East Chadic: *lulm- 'ant' ~ *num- 'termite'

Low East Cushitic: *lulum- 'larvae of mosquitoes'

Notes: Cf. HSED 1693: Arb. nimm-at-; C.Ch. Cf. Dolg AAN 22: Sem; WCh. ŋgum (hardly related), ECh.: Jegu.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2481

Proto-Semitic: *namal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: ant

Akkadian: namalu (namlu) 'ant' OB, EA [CAD n1 208], [AHw. 725]. Regarded as a WS loan in [CAD] which is probably correct since the OB attestations are limited to personal names whereas the relevant Amarna passage is well known to be written almost entirely in Canaanite (EA 252:16: kī namlu tumḫaṣu lā tikabbilu u tanšuku ḳāti amēli ša yimaḫḫašši 'if one strikes an ant, does not it fight and sting the hand of the man who struck it?', on this passage cf. [Albright 31], [Hueh.], [Hess ...]). In [AHw.], on the contrary, n. is not explicitly defined as a WS loan, pos- sibly because of its supposed attestation in the SB physiognomic omen Kraus Texte 22 IV 1 (šumma ṣuprāšu na-ma-li malâ 'if his nails are full of n.' (according to [CAD], a different lexeme is used here which 'probably refers to cracks or spots on the nails').

Hebrew: nǝmālā 'ant' [KB 701], pB. [Ja. 913]. Attested twice in Proverbs: 6.6 (lēk ʔälnǝmālā ʕāṣēl // rǝʔē dǝrākǟhā waḥăkām 'go to the ant, oh lazy, // look at its behaviour and learn') and 30.25 (hannǝmālīm ʕam lō(ʔ)-ʕāz // wayyākīnū baḳḳayiṣ laḥmām 'ants are not a strong people // but [are able to] prepare their food during the summer').

Syrian Aramaic: nǝmālā 'nidus formicarum' [Brock. 431], [PS 2385].

Arabic: nimm-at- 'une fourmi; un pou' [BK 2 1346], naml- 'fourmi' [BK 2 1349], [Fr. IV 339], [LA XI 678-9].

Mehri: nōmīl 'ant (smaller than a ǝwftáyn)' [JM 299].

Jibbali: nīźín 'ant (smaller than a lǝftín)' [JJ 192].

Harsusi: lōmēl 'ant' [JH 84] (with assimilation of resonants).

Soqotri: nímhil 'ant' [Nakano 118].

Notes: Cf. Akk. lamattu 'ant' [CAD l 67], [AHw. 533], known only from Malku V 61 (equated to the normal Akk. term for ant kulbābu, v. [Landsberger Fauna 136]). Both dictionaries regard it as a WS loan which is likely in view of its attestation in Malku; note, however, that no similar term is known from any WS language. Cf. Hbr. pB. ḥănāmal 'beetle, prob. a species of locusts' [Ja 484], with unexplainable ḥă-. Akk. nimmullu 'a fly' SB [CAD n2 234], [AHw. 790] shows a superficial similarity to the present root but is hardly related in view of a transparent Sumerian etymology (NIM 'Fliege' [IK 759], ^mu-ulMÙL 'Raupe' [IK 691]). [Fron. 297]: *naml-(at-) 'formica' (Mhr., Arb., Syr., Akk.); [KB 701]: Hbr., Arb., Syr., Akk. (namalu, lamattu); [Brock. 431]: Syr., Hbr., Arb.; [Firmage 1155]: Akk., Hbr., Arm., Arb.

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *lim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'termite' 1, 'k. of insect' 2

Bura: luma 1 [Ann]

Chibak: limà 1

Kapsiki=Higi Kamale: lumà 1

Malgwa: lima1 [Lr]

Munjuk: lumiy 1 [TMnj]

Gude: má-lǝ̀mǝ 2 [Hs]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *lulm- ~ *num-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'ant' 1, 'termite' 2

Jegu: lólmó 1

Sokoro: num-da 2

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *lu-lum-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'larvae of mosquitoes'

Somali: lulumo (pl.)

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