Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`ṑrV ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dung, excrements

Russian meaning: навоз

Mongolian: *korgul

Tungus-Manchu: *xōri-kta

Korean: *kǝrɨm

Comments: ТМС 2, 24.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *korgul

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: excrements (of sheep, camels)

Russian meaning: помет (овец, верблюдов)

Written Mongolian: qorɣul, qorɣal, qorɣusun (L 965)

Middle Mongolian: qorgosun (SH)

Khalkha: xorgol

Buriat: xorgōl, xorgōho(n), xorgōdoho(n)

Kalmuck: xorɣǝsṇ (КРС)

Ordos: xorGol

Baoan: gugušɨ

Shary-Yoghur: χorgol

Monguor: xorGōʒǝ (SM 172), xurGōsǝ

Comments: MGCD 365.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xōri-kta

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: excrements (of deer)

Russian meaning: помет (оленей)

Evenki: ōrikta

Even: ōrịt

Orok: xorịqta

Comments: ТМС 2, 23-24.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kǝrɨm

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dung

Russian meaning: навоз, удобрения

Modern Korean: kǝrɨm

Comments: KED 82 (derivation from kǝ̄l- 'fertile' is irregular and probably folk-etymological).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳorV

Meaning: mud, dung

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`ṑrV ( ~ -ŕ-)

Uralic: *kura

Dravidian: *kor- (*-u-)

References: ND 1178 *Ḳor[g/k]U 'dirt, dung' (w/o Ur.)

Uralic etymology :

Number: 423

Proto: *kura

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: mud

German meaning: Schmutz

Finnish: kura

Khanty (Ostyak): kōr

Mansi (Vogul): kårgɨ̄

Sammalahti's version: *kura

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kor- (*-u-)

Meaning : mud

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kUr-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kUr-

Meaning : mud

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malayalam : kuraññi

Malayalam meaning : mire, mud, fine clay

Proto-Nilgiri : *kor

Number in DED : 2123

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kor[ä]

Meaning : mud

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kor "manure, filth, mud"

Toda : kwar

Number in DED : 2123

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : dung, mud

Eurasiatic : *ḳorV

Afroasiatic : *ḳuʕar- (? + Cush., Berb. 'dung')

Sino-Caucasian : *(x)q̇ä̆rē

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳuʕar-

Meaning: pour, urine

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳVʕar-

Western Chadic: *ḳur- 'urine'

Central Chadic: *kuray-

Semitic etymology :

Number: 713

Proto-Semitic: *ḳVʕar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'pour'

Arabic: qʕr a,1

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ḳur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: urine

Hausa: ḳuŕā́

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kuray-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'urine'

Margi: kuray

Mandara=Wandala: kùrè

Malgwa: kùrè

Glavda: kuriyà

Mafa=Matakam: kur~ay

Buduma=Yedina: kɔ́rai

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *q̇ä̆rḗ ( ~ *xq̇-)

Meaning: earth, dirt

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *q̇ä̆rē

Sino-Tibetan: *rij (k-)

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇ä̆rē

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: earth; dirt

Proto-Nakh: *ʔā-q̇arV

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇VrV

Proto-Lak: q̇iri

Proto-Dargwa: *raq̇I-

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ära

Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇́ǝ

Notes: The Darg. form is metathesized (and it is a recent metathesis, because old *r- > Darg. d-); otherwise correspondences are regular, and it seems safe to reconstruct the root for PNC.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔā-q̇arV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: somewhat elevated plain

Chechen: āq̇ari

Comments: The stem is attested only in Chech. and is probably an old compound (for the first part, ʔā-, cf. PN *ʔārV 'plain, field'; thus āq̇ari < *ʔār-q̇arV).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇VrV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: turf, peat

Avar: ʕéri

Comments: Av. paradigm C ~ B (gen. ʕerú-l).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q̇iri

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: earth, land

Lak form: q̇iri

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *raq̇I-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sheep's dung

Chiragh: raq̇Iraq̇I-an

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ära

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dirt 2 river-bed 3 swamp, marsh 3 diarrhea

Lezghian: q̇er 2, q̇uruš 1

Tabasaran: q̇ir 2,3, q̇uruš 1

Agul: q̇Iir 3, q̇Iaruš 1

Rutul: q̇ɨrɨš 1 (Khniukh.)

Kryz: q̇iriš 2, q̇iriq̇ 3

Budukh: q̇iriq̇ 3

Comment: The original paradigm can be reconstructed as *q̇ära, obl. *q̇irä- (cf. Lezg. q̇ere-, Ag. q̇Iira-, Bursh. q̇ir, q̇iri-). The root is frequently accompanied by the expressive suffix *-uš (*q̇äruš), or reduplicated. The Lezg. (or some Shakhdagh dialectal) form was borrowed in Khin. q̇arɨš 'swamp, marsh'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́ǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dung, faeces 2 bad 3 to get dirty

Abkhaz: a-q̇́ǝ́ 1

Abaza: q̇́ǝ 1

Adyghe: ʡā-ja 2

Kabardian: ʡe-j 2

Ubykh: q̇́ǝ-c̣ʷǝ- 3

Comments: PAT *q̇́ǝ; PAK *ʡa-jV́. Ub. has a compound with *c̣ʷV "dirt" q.v. Unacceptable is Dumézil's (Dumézil 1963) etymology of the PAK form as "hand" + "bad". The PAK form is rather a compound analogous to Ub., and the component ʡa here has nothing to do either with PAK *ʡa-c̣ʷǝ "sweet" or with PAK *ʡa "hand". PAK *ʡ regularly goes back to PWC *q̇́.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rij (k-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt

Tibetan: dri filth, dirt, odor.

Burmese: krijh be dirty, filthy.

Kachin: khǝgrui³ dirt.

Lushai: KC *kri.

Lepcha: mă-ri dirt

Comments: Kanauri kri; Bahing ri, ǝri odor, ri-ku filth. Sh. 46, 132; Ben. 115. If OC 霾 *m_rǝ̄ 'dust storm' is related (cf. Lepcha mă-ri), the reconstructed form could be *riǝ̄.

Chinese characters :

Character: 霾

Modern (Beijing) reading: mái

Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)rǝ̄

Classic Old Chinese: m(h)rǝ̄

Western Han Chinese: m(h)rǝ̄

Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)rǝ̄

Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ǝ̣̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)iǝ̣̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)iǝ̣̄j

Middle Chinese: mạ̈j

English meaning : (perhaps:) dust storm

Russian meaning[s]: пыльный вихрь, мгла

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 173

Four-angle index: 434

Shijing occurrences: 30.2_

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