Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óbarV ( ~ -i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dry

Russian meaning: сухой, сохнуть

Turkic: *Kūrɨ-k,-gak

Mongolian: *kawra-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ur-

Korean: *kobār-

Japanese: *káwá(ra)-k-

Comments: Ozawa 197, KW 204; АПиПЯЯ 19, 50-51, 70, 102, 274; SKE 133, Цинциус 1984. Here, as in some other cases, Turkic length apparently goes back to a contraction.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kūrɨ-k,-gak

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 dry 2 dry (crumbs, bread)

Russian meaning: 1 сухой 2 черствый

Old Turkic: qurɨ- 'to dry' (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: quruɣ, qur 1 (MK)

Turkish: kuru 1

Tatar: qorɨ 1

Middle Turkic: qurɨ- 'to dry' (MA)

Uzbek: quruq 1

Uighur: quruq, qurɣaq 1

Sary-Yughur: quruɣ, quruq 2

Azerbaidzhan: Guru 1

Turkmen: Gūrɨ 1

Khakassian: xuruɣ 1

Shor: quru- 'to dry' (R.)

Oyrat: quru- 'to dry'

Halaj: qurru- 'to dry'

Chuvash: xъʷrъʷk 2

Yakut: kurānaq 1

Dolgan: kurānak 1

Tuva: qurɣaɣ 1

Tofalar: qurɣaɣ 1

Kirghiz: qurɣaq 1

Kazakh: qu_rɣaq 1

Noghai: qurɨ, qurlaj 1

Bashkir: qoro 1

Balkar: quru 1

Gagauz: quru 1

Karaim: quru 1

Karakalpak: qurɣaq 1

Salar: Guru, Gurɨ 1

Kumyk: quru- 'to dry'

Comments: Derived from PT *Kūr(ɨ)- 'to dry up'. See VEWT 302, 303; EDT 652-3, 646, 658, ЭСТЯ 6, 154-155, Stachowski 162, 163. Turk. qūrut 'dry cheese' > Mong. qurud > Manchu kuru etc., see Doerfer MT 131; Turk. > Hung. kóró 'dry stalk', see Gombocz 1912.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kawra-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dry

Russian meaning: сухой

Written Mongolian: qaɣurai, quɣurai (L 910), qawraj (МХТТТ)

Khalkha: xūraj

Buriat: xūraj

Kalmuck: xǖrǟ

Ordos: xūrǟ

Dagur: xuārī (MGCD xuare)

Shary-Yoghur: xūrā- (MGCD χūʁa-)

Monguor: xō- 'devenir sec, tarir' (SM 168)

Comments: Cf. also *ku(w)ar- > *ku(w)a- in MMong. qoṣon 'dryness' (ИМ); qusun, quasun (MA); Dag. xua-, S.-Yugh. χū-, Dong. Go-, qosu-, Bao. χo-. KW 204, 317, MGCD 335. Mong. > Tat. qawrai etc. (ЭСТЯ 5, 171-172).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ur-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to dry (meat)

Russian meaning: вялить (мясо)

Evenki: urgan- 1

Literary Manchu: uča-laχa jali 'dried meat'

Comments: ТМС 2, 283. Man. uča- < *xurga- (but may also reflect another root: cf. Nan. učikte 'dried meat'?).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kobār-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: be high, strong (of fire)

Russian meaning: быть сильным, горячим (об огне)

Modern Korean: kwāl-

Comments: KED 183.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kàwà(ra)-k-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dry, to dry up

Russian meaning: сохнуть

Old Japanese: kawak-

Middle Japanese: kawak- (RJ kàfàk-)

Tokyo: kawák-

Kyoto: káwák-

Kagoshima: kòrak-

Nase: kòràkj-

Shuri: kā́ràč-

Hateruma: kàrùg-

Yonakuni: kàrág-

Comments: JLTT 706.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳVjwV(rV)

Meaning: dry

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`i̯óbarV ( ~ -i̯u-)

Uralic: *kujwa

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kъrɣъ- (also *kъffa-t-?)

Comments: Cf. *ḳVju.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 388

Proto: *kujwa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: dry

German meaning: trocken

Finnish: kuiva 'trocken, dürr' ?

Estonian: kuiv (gen. kuiva) 'id., mager'

Saam (Lapp): kui'fē, kuffi (L) 'wer nichts begreift', kuife, kuiwe (Schw.) 'dumm, einfältig' ??

Khanty (Ostyak): kŏjǝm- (V), χŏjǝm- (DN Kaz.) 'fallen, sich vermindern (vom Wasser)' ?

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kъrɣъ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): сухой

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *kъrɣъ- (~ ǝ)

Proto-Itelmen: *k'izɣi-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *kъrɣъ- (~ ǝ)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): сухой, ломкий 1, старье, нечто изношенное 2, оскудевать 3, засохнуть 4

Chukchee: kǝ́r(ɣ)ǝ- (I), kǝ́rɣǝ-kǝr " (II) 2, kǝrɣ-át- 3, (АБ) kǝrɣ-ɛw- 4

Koryak: kǝ́cɣǝ- (II)

Alutor: kǝrɣǝ-

Comments: Чук. kǝrɣ-ɛ́t- 'вёдро стоит' в отличие от 'оскудевать'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *k'iźɣi-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): сухой

Itelmen: k'izɣi-lah (k'isx-q adv.) 1

Itelmen meaning: сухой 1, сохнуть, вянуть 2, сушить, проветривать, вялить 3

West Itelmen: kizɣi-leɣ, kiz(ɣ)i-lex (kizi(m)-lex-in pl.) 1, 'iń-gizɣi-z, 'in-kizi-z 2, kisx-ĺatɨ-zin 3

West Itelmen meaning: siccus 1, siccare 2, exarescere 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): suchy 1, suszyć 2, wysychać 3

South Itelmen: kaz-at́

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): folia

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): liście

Number in Volodin 1976: 46, 27

Comments: В юж. камч. буквально 'сухой лист', что точно соответствует кор. kǝc-v́ǝtvǝt.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : dry

Eurasiatic : *ḳVjwV(rV)

Afroasiatic : *ḳVr-

Sino-Caucasian : *=íxG(w)Ăr

African (misc.) : Bantu *-kàd- 'dry up'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVr-

Meaning: dry

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳVr- 'drying'

Berber: *ḳʷar- 'be dry'

Central Chadic: *kiwir- 'dry season'

East Chadic: *kar- 'to make dry (cereals, land)'

Low East Cushitic: *ḳar- 'dry'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1790

Proto-Semitic: *ḳVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'drying'

Akkadian: qarūru

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *ḳʷar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be dry'

Ghadames: ǝqqur

Nefusa: iqqǝr (adj)

Siwa: qqor

Ghat: ǝqqor

Ayr: iɣar

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): iɣar

Tawllemmet: iɣar

Taneslemt: ǝqqor (adj)

Zenaga: yaʔwur (adj)

Semlal: i-qqur-ǝn (adj)

Izdeg: qqar

Mzab: ǝqqor

Iznassen: iqqur (adj)

Notes: rel. to Sem 'cold'?

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kiwir-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'dry season'

Mbara: kı̀wı́rı̀ [TMba]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *kar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: make dry (cereals, land)

Bidiya: karay [JBid]

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: dry

Oromo (Galla): qōrā

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=í-xGĂr-

Meaning: dry

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=iG_wĂr

Sino-Tibetan: *kār

Yenisseian: *qɔ(ʔ)r₁- (~-l-)

Burushaski: *qhar-

Basque: *a=gor̄

Comments and references : HGC 18, WFR 103, MCGD 9. Tone in Ket uncertain (only attested in a compound).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=iG_wĂr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry, to dry

Proto-Nakh: *=aq̇-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇:ʷV-

Proto-Tsezian: *qoqV- A

Proto-Lak: q̇a-q̇-

Proto-Dargwa: *=erʁʷV-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:ʷar-

Proto-Khinalug: q̇i

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁʷV

Notes: A very stable common NC root; reflected in most languages as both a verbal and adjectival stem. Cf. also the nominal derivate *r-iG_wV / *G_wVrV 'draught' (PD *deʁʷ > Ak. deʁ, Chir. deʁʷ, Ur. diw, PTs > Gunz. (Nakh.) qor). Note a frequent use of the reduplicated stem *G_wiGwVr- (in PA, PC, Lak.). See Абдоков 1983, 144-145.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=aq̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Chechen: =eq̇a

Ingush: =eq̇a

Batsbi: =aq̇ĩ

Comments: PN *=aq̇-i(n) "dry" is derived from the verbal base *=aq̇- "to dry, to get dry" (cf. Chech. =aq̇-ō tr., =aq̇a-dala intr., Bacb. =aq̇-dar tr.).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇:ʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Avar: =aq̇:ʷarab

Chadakolob: =uq̇ara-b

Andian language: =eq̇:u-b

Akhvakh: =uq̇:ada

Chamalal: =eq̇:u-b

Tindi: =eq̇:u-b

Karata: =eq̇:u-b

Godoberi: =eq̇:uq̇:i-b

Comments: The word for 'dry' is a participle of the verbal root *=iq̇:ʷV- "to dry (up)", cf. Av. =aq̇:ʷá-, Akhv. =uq̇:o-, Kar. =eq̇:ʷa-, Botl. =eq̇:ʷ-, Tind. =eq̇:ʷ-, =eq̇:uq̇:-, God. =eq̇:uq̇:-, Cham. =eq̇:uq̇:- (the last three forms are reduplicated).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *qoqV- A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Tsezi: quqqǟsi

Ginukh: quqes

Khvarshi: quqqa (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: quqqu

Bezhta: qoqoro

Gunzib: qoqoru

Comments: The word is actually a gerund of the verb *qoqV- A 'to dry up, get dry', cf.Tsez. quqa id. PTsKh *quqV-, PGB *qoqo-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q̇a-q̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Lak form: q̇a-q̇-s:a

Comments: Cf. the verbal stem q̇a-q̇a- (p.pr. q̇a-q̇u-) 'to get dry'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=erʁʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Akusha: =erub-si

Chiragh: =erʁub-ze

Comments: Cf. also Kharb., Tsud. =erʁub-se. This adjective is derived from the verb *=erʁʷ- 'to dry' (Ak. =ur-es, Ur. =irʔʷ-/=urʔʷ-, Chir. -erʁ-/-urʁʷ-).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiq̇:ʷar-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Lezghian: q̇uraj

Tabasaran: q:uru

Agul: ruq:uf

Rutul: q:urud

Tsakhur: q:urna

Budukh: q:uru

Archi: q̇ure

Udi: q:ari

Comment: All forms are in fact verbal adjectives. The verbal forms are widely preserved: Lezg. q̇ura-z (praet. q̇ura-na) 'to dry', Tab. u-r-q:u-z 'to get stale', Ag. ruq:ʷa-s (Bursh. urq:ʷa-s) 'to dry', Arch. q̇ura-s (imper. q̇uraq̇:a)/ q̇ʷa-s id. The Rut. and Bud. form may have been influenced by Turkic (cf. Azerb. Guru 'dry'), but there is no doubt in the authenticity of this root in PL.

    Cf. Бокарев 1961, 64; Гигинейшвили 1977, 108.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to dry out, get dry

Abkhaz: a-ʕʷa-rá

Abaza: ʕʷa-ra

Adyghe: ʁʷǝ-n

Kabardian: ʁʷǝ-n

Ubykh: ʁǝ-

Comments: PAT *ʕʷa-, PAK *ʁʷǝ-. Not quite clear is the loss of labialization in Ub. The root serves also as a basis for the adjective 'dry' in all languages: Abkh. a-ʕʷá, Abaz. jǝ-r-ʕʷu, Ad. ʁʷǝ-ʁa, Kab. ʁʷǝ-r, Ub. ʁ-q̇a.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kār

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Chinese: 乾 *kār dry (cf. also 旱 *ghānʔ drought, dry).

Burmese: kanh to dry up, khanh to be dried up, exhausted as liquid.

Kachin: ka² be dried up (?).

Comments: Mat. 180; Luce 52. Loss of final consonant in Jnp. is not clear (Matissoff cites the form as kan², which is probably Jnp. kan² coagulated, see *kān). Cf. also Gurung *khar, Kaike khar-pa, Rourou ka.44, Bugun gau 'dry'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 乾

Modern (Beijing) reading: gān qián

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghar kār

Classic Old Chinese: ghan

Western Han Chinese: ghan

Eastern Han Chinese: ghan

Early Postclassic Chinese: ghen

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghen

Late Postclassic Chinese: ghen

Middle Chinese: gen kân

English meaning : be creative

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сухой; высушить; досуха; сушение; 2) высохнуть; завянуть; 3) чистый; дочиста, без остатка; 4) только; понапрасну, зря; 5) названый, приемный (отец, брат); 6) прямой и резкий; 7) упрекать; бранить; 8) плохо принять; [qián] 1) первая гексаграмма Ицзина; 2) небо; 3) мужчина, муж; государь; 4) Цянь (фамилия)

Comments: Sch.: 'perhaps: be associated with the forces of Heaven'. OC *ghar is also used as the name for the 1st hexagramm in Yijing ('Heaven'). MC gen is not quite regular in this series (one would rather expect MC gǝn). For *gh- cf. Xiamen khian², Chaozhou khieŋ², Fuzhou khieŋ². Another frequent (and archaic) reading of the character is OC *kār, MC kân [FQ 古寒), Mand. gān 'to be dry' - whence, possibly, Viet. cạn 'dry, shallow; on land, on shore' (although the tone is rather strange and a chance coincidence is not excluded); khan 'hoarse, husky, raucous; anhydrous'. Note that regular Sino-Viet. for MC kân is can.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 5

Four-angle index: 7788

Karlgren code: 0140 c

Vietnamese reading: [kiê`n]

Jianchuan Bai: [kã4]

Dali Bai: [ka1]

Bijiang Bai: [qa4]

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1093

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 乾

MC description : A: 山開一平寒見; B: 山開三平仙群

ZIHUI: A: 0051 1739; B: 0051 1867

Beijing: A: kan 11; B: ćhian 12

Jinan: A: kã 11; B: ćhiã 12

Xi'an: A: kã 11; B: ćhiã 12

Taiyuan: A: kä̃ 1; B: ćhiɛ 1

Hankou: A: kan 11; B: ćhian 12

Chengdu: A: kan 11; B: ćhian 12

Yangzhou: A: kɛ̃ 11; B: ćhî̃ 12

Suzhou: A: kö 11; B: ʒ́î 12

Wenzhou: A: ky 11; B: ʒ́i 12

Changsha: A: kan 11; B: ćiẽ 12

Shuangfeng: A: kuɛ̃ 11; B: ʒ́î̃ 12

Nanchang: A: kɔn 11; B: ćhiɛn 12

Meixian: A: kɔn 11; B: khian 12

Guangzhou: A: kɔn 11; B: khin 12

Xiamen: A: kan 11 (lit.); kuã 11; B: khian 12

Chaozhou: A: kaŋ 11; B: khieŋ 12

Fuzhou: A: kaŋ 11; B: khieŋ 12

Shanghai: A: ; B: ćî 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: ; B: khien 12

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qɔr₁- (~-l-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Ket: qōĺeŋ¹ ōkś 'dry tree' (Werner 2, 99, 101: qɔ́ĺaŋś, qɔ́ĺiŋś)

Kottish: šīgal "dry"; šīgalaičei "drying"; šīgalaičejākŋ "to dry out"; d́äšīgalaŋ "to dry (tr.)", praet. ušigalaŋ

Comments: ССЕ 265. Werner 2, 101 *qol-.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhar-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 dried out 2 to dry, roast

Yasin: xar- 2

Hunza: qhaáo 1, qhar-, qhaqhár- 2

Nagar: qharáo, qhaáo 1, qhar-, qhaqhár- 2

Comments: Sh. khaár

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *a=gor̄, *e=gar̄i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dry, barren, unproductive 2 thirst

Bizkaian: agor 1, egarri 2

Gipuzkoan: agor 1, egarri 2

High Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2

Low Navarrese: agor 1, egarri 2

Lapurdian: agor 1, egarri 2

Zuberoan: agor 1, egárri 2

Roncalese: agor 1, egarri 2

Comments: Cf. *ei=har̄ and *i=dor̄: Bsq has several words for 'dry' with different nuances. In BZK legor and idor apply to vegetation, igar to animals and bones (Azkue 1905); in ZBR agor pertains to sources and streams of water, ütsal to aliments and terrain, eihar to the human body, fauna and flora, and idor to dryness in general (Larrasquet 1939). Possibly these distinctions go back to old (extinct) noun classes.

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