Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`ā̀no

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: match, other side

Russian meaning: подходящий, пара, другая сторона

Turkic: *Kon-

Mongolian: *kani

Tungus-Manchu: *xān-gi-

Japanese: *kànàp-

Comments: Cf. *kā́na.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kon-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 neighbour 2 friend, guest

Russian meaning: 1 сосед 2 друг, гость

Old Turkic: qonšɨ 1, qonaq 2 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qošnɨ, qonšɨ 'neighbour', qonuq 'guest' (MK)

Turkish: komšu 1

Middle Turkic: qonšɨ (AH), qošnɨ (MA) 1

Uzbek: qụšni, qɔšni 1

Uighur: qošna, xošna 1

Azerbaidzhan: Gonšu 1

Turkmen: Goŋšɨ 1, Gonaq 2

Khakassian: xonǯɨx 1

Chuvash: xъʷna

Kirghiz: qoŋšu 1

Noghai: qoŋsɨ 1

Balkar: qonšu 1

Gagauz: qomšu 1

Karaim: qonšɨ 1

Karakalpak: qoŋsɨ 1

Kumyk: xonšu 1

Comments: VEWT 279, EDT 637, 640, ЭСТЯ 6, 56, 66-68. The word is considered to be derived from *Kon- 'to spend a night' ( > Mong. qonu- id., KW 185; see Щербак 1997, 139, TMN 1, 420, 3, 530, ЭСТЯ 6, 55-56, EDT 632, Stachowski 152). However, further derivation of *Kon- from *Ko- 'to put' (see TMN ibid.) seems highly improbable. External evidence speaks rather in favour of the original meaning "guest, to visit (as a guest)' ( < *'friend, match'), whence "to spend a night, visit, stay" ( = Russ. гостить).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kani

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: friend, mate

Russian meaning: друг, товарищ, муж

Written Mongolian: qani (L 930)

Middle Mongolian: qanilqa- 'to compare' (SH)

Khalkha: xań

Buriat: xani

Kalmuck: xańi, xäń

Ordos: xani

Dagur: xań, xani (Тод. Даг. 173)

Monguor: xaniŋ 'famille de la femme' (SM 157)

Comments: KW 165, 177, MGCD 327. Mong. > Evk. kani etc. (ТМС 1, 372, Doerfer MT 132, Rozycki 133), Shor qanai etc. (VEWT 230).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xān-gi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: other, other side

Russian meaning: другой, другая сторона

Even: āŋịlị

Negidal: aŋị-lị

Ulcha: χaŋGị-la

Orok: χaŋnē

Nanai: χaŋGịa

Comments: ТМС 1, 46.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kànàp-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to match

Russian meaning: соответствовать, подходить

Old Japanese: kanap-

Middle Japanese: kànàf-

Tokyo: kaná-

Kyoto: káná-

Kagoshima: kaná-

Comments: JLTT 703. All forms point to *kànà-p- except Kagoshima ( < *káná-p-).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳVnV

Meaning: to match, fit

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ken-

Altaic: *k`ā̀no

Uralic: *kansa ?

Kartvelian: *q̇en-

Dravidian: *kan-

References: ND 893 *kan̄V 'pair, couple' (Ur.-Alt., with unjustified separation of TM *xaŋgi and incorrect SH parallels).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *ken-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to like, to love

Old Indian: kanati, pf. cakāna, aor. akāniṣam, caniṣṭám `to be satisfied, pleased'; cánas- n. `delight, satisfaction'

Avestan: čakana `befriedigt sein, Gefallen finden'; činman- n. `Begehren, trachten'

Celtic: MIr cin, gen. cena `Liebe, Zuneigung'

Russ. meaning: нравиться, любить

References: WP I 324 f

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1283

Proto: *kansa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: folk, people; comrade, friend

German meaning: Volk, Leute; Genosse, Freund

Finnish: kansa 'Volk, Nation, Leute', kanssa (Postp.) 'mit, samt'

Estonian: kaasa (dial. kās) 'Genosse, Gefährte, Gatte, Gattin', -ga (Kasussuffix) 'mit, samt'

Saam (Lapp): gaʒ'ʒe -ʒʒ- (N) 'household (often in Opposition to a Single individual); (considerable) assembly of people', Wfs. (596) Gättsiɛ: nu_>ò_>r̀ɛ G. 'das junge Geschlecht', K (254) T ka_ince, Kid. kā_inc, A ka_inc 'Genosse'

Udmurt (Votyak): kuz (S) , ku̇z (K) 'Paar', S G kuzo, K ku̇zo 'ein Paar bildend, paarig'

Komi (Zyrian): goz (S P) 'Paar', guz (PO) 'пара', gozja (S P) 'paarig, gepaart; Ehepaar', PO guzja 'чета, муж с женой'

K. Redei's notes: Die Zugehörigkeit des läpp. Wortes ist wegen des a der ersten Silbe unsicher. Im Finn. wurde das Wort zur Postposition mit komitativer Funktion, im Est. zum Kasussuffix. Zum Bedeutungverhältnis finn. 'Volk, Leute' ~ est. 'Genosse, Gefährte' vgl. finn. seura 'Gesellschaft' ~ est. sõber 'Freund', finn. kunta 'Gemeinde' ~ ?mord. M końd́ä, kuńd́ä 'Freund, Kamerad'. Zu den perm. Bedeutungen 'Paar, Ehepaar' vgl. est. kaasa 'Gatte, Gattin'. Die Zusammenstellung ist unsicher, weil die finn. und läpp. Wörter auch Entlehnungen aus dem Germ, sein können (< frühurgerm. *χansā < germ. *hansō > got. hansa 'Schar, Menge', ahd. hansa 'Kriegerschar'). Läpp. N guos'se -ss- 'guest, stranger' (Bergsland: Vir. 1965:153) kann wegen der abweichenden Bedeutung nicht hiermit verbunden werden.

References: Thomsen, SamlAfh. 2:88, Einfl. 40, 140; VglWb. 93; Anderson, Stud. 86; Wichmann: FUF 11:214; Setälä: FUF 13:376; Zsirai: MNy. 22:185; Toivonen: FUF 19:204, Vir. 1937:142; Uotila, SyrjChr. 81; E. Itkonen: MSFOu. 79:67, FUF 31:157, 279, Vir. 1957:7, LpChr. 106, UAJb. 34:193; SKES; Schlachter: UAJb. 34:148; Lytkin, VokPerm. 70, CTIFU 52; ESK; Koivulehto: Vir. 1976:251.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *q̇en-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: использовать

English meaning: to use

Georgian: q̇en-

Svan: q̇ēn-

Svan meaning (Rus.): годиться

Svan meaning (Eng.): to suit, fit

Notes and references: EWK 410. Ср. алт. *k`āno 'подходить, match'.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kan-

Meaning : ripe, soft; to love, pity

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kan-i-

Proto-Telugu : *kan-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kan-i-

Meaning : to be ripe; to be soft

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kan_i (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to ripen, be overripe, melt, grow tender, become soft (as the heart by affection, love, devotion)

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to melt, soften; n. ripeness, ripe fruit; kan_ivu ripeness, love, compassion; kan_ikaram affection, love; kan_ukku (kan_ukki-) to cause to grow mellow by heat

Malayalam : kani

Malayalam meaning : ripe fruit

Malayalam derivates : kaniyuka to be ripe, become mellow, compassionate; kanivu tenderness, pity, kindness; kanikaram love, kindness; kanikkuka to melt, soften

Kannada : kani

Kannada meaning : pity, kindness

Kannada derivates : kanikara compassion

Tulu : kanikara

Tulu meaning : compassion

Number in DED : 1408

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kan-

Meaning : pity, compassion, sympathy

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kanikaramu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : kaniyu, kamiyu "to grow ripe, mellow (as fruit)"

Number in DED : 1408

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVNV

Meaning : to fit, be good

Eurasiatic : *ḳVnV

Sino-Caucasian : *=ǝ̆q̇wVn

Amerind (misc.) : *kani 'good' (R 321) [+ A K]

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ǝ̆q̇wV́n-

Meaning: to be sufficient

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ǝ̆q̇wVn

Sino-Tibetan: *Qōm ( ~ -ū-)

Comments and references : WFR 129.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ǝ̆q̇wVn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be sufficient, enough

Proto-Nakh: *t-oq̇-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇ʷVn

Proto-Lak: =ija-l-

Proto-Dargwa: *=aʔ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaq̇ʷVn

Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇́ʷV (~q́:Iʷ-,q̇́Iʷ-)

Notes: In individual subgroups the root tends to contaminate with *=arq̇Vr 'to reach' or *=irq̇wV 'to ripen, grow' (q.v.); nevertheless, it differs from those roots in PN, and the precise parallelism of the *-n-conjugation in PA and PL leaves no doubt that it was a distinct root (one wonders, however, about its relationship to PEC *Hnäq̇wV̄ 'big' q.v.). See Абдоков 1983, 144.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *t-oq̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be sufficient, enough

Chechen: toʔ-

Ingush: toʔ-

Batsbi: toq̇-

Comments: The stem contains a preverb (*t-).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇ʷVn

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to be sufficient, enough 2 to grow

Avar: ʕé- 1

Akhvakh: =iq̇un- 1,2

Chamalal: =uʔn- 1

Tindi: =ujĩ- 1

Karata: =eʔʷan- 1,2

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tlan. =uq̇in-, Tseg. =aʔ-, Ratl. =uq̇un- 'to grow'. In And. the root can be observed in the suffix -q̇ʷon which denotes "abundance of smth." (cf. the usage of this root as a postposition or postfix in Lezghian languages). The Avar verb also means 'to grow, to ripen'; the meaning 'to grow' in several Av.-And. languages is due to an influence of another verbal root, PA *=iq̇- < PEC *=irq̇wV (q.v.). In Avar the two roots have completely merged (which explains the loss of -n-conjugation).

    The mutual influence of the two roots (further complicated by the presence of still another similar verbal root, *=iq̇- < *=arq̇Vr 'to reach') led to a non-phonetic phenomenon: irregular preservation of *-q̇ʷ- in Proto-Av.-And. *=iq̇ʷVn- (where regularly a shift *-q̇ʷ- > *-ḳ- would be expected).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =ija-l-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: enough, sufficient

Lak form: =ija-l-s:a

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=aʔ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be sufficient, enough

Akusha: =aʔ- / =iʔ-

Comments: The root is homonymous with *=aʔ- 'to reach' (q.v.), due to a secondary merger.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaq̇ʷVn

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 as much as 2 up to, until

Lezghian: aq̇ʷan 1

Tabasaran: -q̇an 1

Archi: eq̇en 2

Comment: The root is used as an adverb (Lezg. aq̇ʷan), postposition (Arch. eq̇en) or suffix (Tab. -q̇an, cf. also Lezg. -q̇ʷan with the same meaning and function). Historically this is obviously a gerundial form (cf. the same development in Andi).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́ʷV (~q́:Iʷ-,q̇́Iʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be too much, excessive

Adyghe: ʡʷa-

Kabardian: ʡʷa-

Comments: PAK *ʡʷa-, used as a second part in compounds.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Qōm ( ~ -ū-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sufficient, fitting

Kachin: gum¹ be sufficient, adequate.

Lushai: ōm fitting, fit.

Comments: Mat. 164 (compares the Jnp. form with Burm. kum be plenty, see *k(j)ŭm).

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