Altaic etymology : List with all references

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *kèra ( ~ -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bind, wind around

Russian meaning: связывать, обвиваться

Mongolian: *kere-

Tungus-Manchu: *kerge- (*kergi-)

Japanese: *kàràm-

Comments: EAS 107, KW 227, SKE 104, Poppe 79-80.

altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *kere-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to bind, join, unite

Russian meaning: привязывать, соединять

Written Mongolian: kere-

Khalkha: xere-

Buriat: xere-

Kalmuck: ker-

Ordos: kere-, kerü

Comments: KW 227.

monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kerge- (*kergi-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 circle, ring 2 to bind into bunches 3 to reel 4 bunch

Russian meaning: 1 круг, кольцо 2 связывать (в пучки) 3 наматывать 4 связка, пучок

Negidal: kejgeli 1

Literary Manchu: xergi-, xerči- 3

Ulcha: kergi 4, kergin- 2

Orok: kejgeli 1

Nanai: kergi 4

Oroch: keǯe- 3

Comments: ТМС 1, 444. The Manchu form obviously belongs here and has nothing to do with Evk. herke- and MMong. hergi- (q. v. sub *p`erkV), despite Rozycki 105.

tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kàràm-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to wind around, to cling to

Russian meaning: обвиваться, цепляться

Old Japanese: karamar-

Middle Japanese: kàràm-

Tokyo: karám-

Kyoto: kárám-

Kagoshima: karám-

Comments: JLTT 704. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular (possibly under literary influence).

japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *KVrV

Meaning: bind

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *k'er- 'plait' (Pok. 517)

Altaic: *kèra

Uralic: *kärV (cf. also *kerä)

Kartvelian: *ḳar- / ḳr-

Dravidian: SDr *kar_- 'bundle'

References: МССНЯ 363, ОСНЯ 1, 321-323. ND 1129 *ḳärV 'rope, to tie' (with incorrect TM; + Sem. and very dubious Berb.).

nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *k'ar-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: rope, cord

Armenian: pl. sari-kh, gen. sareach, instr. sareōch `Band, Schnur'; sard (i-St.) `Spinne'

Old Greek: kâi̯ro-s Ben. einer Schnur od. Schlinge, durch die Kettenfäden hindurchgesteckt und am Kettenstab befestigt wurden; kárōsi-s = tôu stḗmonos hoi sǘndesmoi

Russ. meaning: веревка

References: WP I 409 f

piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 928

Root: k̂er-3

English meaning: rope; to weave

German meaning: `Schnur, Gewebefaden; flechten, knüpfen'

General comments: nur arm. und griech.

Material: Arm. sari-k` Pl. (Gen. sareac̣, Instr. sareōc̣) `Band, Schnur' (*k̂_erei̯ā), sard (i-St.) `Spinne'(*k̂r̥-ti-);

gr. και̃ρος (*k̂_eri̯-os) σειρά τις ἐν ἱστῳ̃, δι' ἧς οἱ στήμονες διεγείρονται Phot., etwa `Schnüre beim Anbinden des Gewebes', καίρωμα `ds., auch Gewebe', καιρόω `binde das Gewebe zusammen', hochstufig κειρία `der Gurt des Bettgestelles', Pl. (NT.) `Grabtücher' (die Formen κηρία, καιρία s. Liddell-Scott; die Bed. `Grabtücher' durch Anschluß an κήρ `Todesgöttin'?).

References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.

Pages: 577-578

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 272

Proto: *kärV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to bind, thread

German meaning: binden, schnüren, fädeln

Mordovian: kärks (M) 'Kranz, Reihe, Schnur', kärksa- 'dregen, wickeln, knäueln', keŕks (E) 'Bund, Aufgefädeltes', keŕksa- 'den Faden durch das Nadelöhr ziehen'

Mari (Cheremis): kerä- (KB) 'hineinstecken, einfädeln, anfädeln', kera- (B) 'durchziehen, stechen', kerla- 'stechen, stecken'

Udmurt (Votyak): gerd (S) 'Knoten, Schleife', kertti̮- (S), kert- (K) 'binden, knüpfen', kerttị̑- (G) 'binden, umgürten'

Komi (Zyrian): ge̮re̮d (S P) 'Knoten', gȯrʒ́ʒ́i- 'stricken', ke̮rt- (Lu.), ke̮rtal- (S), ke̮rta^.v- (P) 'binden'

Khanty (Ostyak): kir-, kärǝntǝɣǝl- (V) 'anziehen (die Stiefel)', kir- (DN O) 'überwendlich nähen; anheften; anschirren'

Mansi (Vogul): kēr- (TJ KU P So.) 'einflechten; aufreihen, schnüren; einspannen' ( > Selk. Tur. ke̮rtti̮- 'in einem Rentierzug mitwandern', Kam. kǝrerǝ- 'satteln, anspannen')

Hungarian: kür-, kűr-, ker-, kör- (dial.) 'einjochen, in das Joch spannen'?

Sammalahti's version: UD Ko > FP *kertti-

uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-samm2,

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Kartvelian etymology :

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Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳar- / ḳr-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: связывать

English meaning: to bind

Georgian: ḳar-, ḳr-

Megrel: ḳir-, ḳǝr-

Svan: č̣ar- / č̣r-

Laz: ḳor-, ḳir-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 106, EWK 185. В ОСНЯ 1, 322 основа сравнивается с ПИЕ *ḱer- 'связывать', урал. *kärV, алт. *k`ere, драв. *kar_- с реконструкцией ностр. *ḳärV.

kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-sva,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : to spin, wind

Eurasiatic : *KVrV

Afroasiatic : Sem. *ḳrn, Berb. *qrw |

Sino-Caucasian : *qVrV́

Austric : *KVr

globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *qVrV́

Meaning: to weave, spin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=iqăr

Sino-Tibetan: *kreH (~q-)

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *=iqăr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to weave

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *qʷVrV ( ~ χʷ-)

Proto-Tsezian: *χi ( ~ χ:-)

Proto-Lak: qa

Proto-Dargwa: *qʷaIr

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiχar

Proto-Khinalug: qi

Proto-West Caucasian: *χa

Notes: An important common NC cultural term. The verb is preserved only in WC and in the Eastern Daghestan area (PL, Khin.); Av., Lak., Darg. and PTs have preserved only the reflexes of the nominal derivate *qwVrHV 'something woven' (probably < *wiqVrHV). The same derivate (with metathesis) is reflected in PL *ruχ(a).

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *qʷVrV ( ~ χʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: carpet (made of goat's wool)

Avar: χuru (Kuyad.)

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,

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Tsezian etymology :

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Proto-Tsezian: *χi ( ~ χ:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cloak, felt cloak

Ginukh: χe

Comments: Cf. perhaps also Inkh. -χe in borto-χe 'rug, door-mat' (the component borto- may represent an Andian loanword meaning 'rag', cf. PA *barta ( ~ o).

cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gin,cezet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: qa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: carpet, rug

Lak form: qa

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *qʷaIr

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horse-cloth

Chiragh: quIr

Comments: A probable loan from Darg. is Tab. Düb. qIur-ar 'pack-saddle', isolated within Lezg. (if it originally meant "horse-cloth").

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,darget-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiχar

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to weave

Lezghian: χra-

Tabasaran: u=χ-

Rutul: =ɨχɨrχa-

Tsakhur: q-e=χa-

Kryz: χɨr-

Budukh: s-o=χ-

Comment: The root reveals different Ablaut grades: *ʔiχar- (Tab. u=χ-uz < *ʔi-χ(r)-us: with vowel assimilation; Lezg. χra-z, praet. χra-na, Kryz. χɨr-iǯ with Anlaut *ʔi-reduction) / *ʔoχVr-, sometimes with reduplication *χoχVr- (Lezg. imper. χuruχ, Rut. =ɨ-χɨrχ-as, Kryz. dur. χɨχr-i) / *ʔäχVr- (Tsakh. q-eχa-s, Kryz. imper. s-äχɨr). In some languages (Lezg., lit. Tab., Kryz. and Bud.) the root also means 'to knit' - which is a result of contamination with PL *ʔiχ:ʷar q.v.

The verb has some nominal derivates:

a) PL *ruχ(a) > Lezg. ruχ 'carpet, rug', Kryz. ruχ id.;

b) PL *b-ärχa-l(a) ( < *b-äχra-l(a)) 'carpet, rug' (Tab. barχal, Ag. barχIal, Fit. barχil; Ag. > Darg. Chir. parχil id.). A variation of the same stem (with initial reduction) may be Rut. Shin. χɨli 'carpet, rug'.

c) PL *χa-na ( < *(ʔi)χar-na) > Tsakh. χana 'loom', Kryz. χänä 'warp'.

See Хайдаков 1973, 143.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-comment,

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Khinalug etymology :

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Khinalug root: qi

North Caucasian etymology: 1478

Meaning: to weave

Khinalug form: qi

Comments: Term. qi, dur. qli. Cf. also the derivate qala 'loom'.

khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *χa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to weave 2 to knit

Abkhaz: a-ħa-rá 1

Abaza: -ħa-ra 1

Adyghe: χa-n 2

Kabardian: χa-n 2

Ubykh: χa- 2

Comments: PAT *ħa (in Abaz. the root is used only with preverbs); PAK *χa- (also *χǝ- > Ad., Kab. χǝ-n id.); Ub. a-s-χá-n. See Mészáros 1934, 384, Shagirov 2, 109; the alternative comparison of PAK *χǝ- with PAT *xaxa- 'to spin' is unacceptable for phonetic reasons.

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kreH (~q-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: roll, spin

Burmese: khjah something rolling, spinning, carousel; spindle.

Kachin: kri¹ to spin, as a top.

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,

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Austric etymology :

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Proto-Austric: *KVr

Meaning: to wind

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *kVr 'to wind' (Peiros 1989)

Proto-Austronesian: *li(ŋ)kǝ[ḷ] 'to turn, wind'

References: Peiros 1989

austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-an,austr-bibl,

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