Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i̯udi(rV)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to choose

Russian meaning: выбирать

Turkic: *üdür-

Mongolian: *ödü-

Japanese: *iàr- ~ *aìr-

Comments: The Jpn. form must be derived < *idar- < *idi-ra-. Mong. reveals a causative meaning here: *'make choose' > 'instigate, urge'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *üdür-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to choose, to select

Russian meaning: выбирать

Old Turkic: üdür- (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: üδür- (MK, KB)

Turkish: Osm. ür-

Middle Turkic: (Xwar.) üδür- (Qutb), (MKypch.) ür- (Houts.)

Khakassian: üzür-

Comments: VEWT 368, EDT 67-68.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ödü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to conceive, urge, instigate

Russian meaning: затевать, побуждать

Written Mongolian: edü-, ödü- (L 294, 630)

Middle Mongolian: etuldu 'to discuss, agree' (HY 40)

Khalkha: ödö-

Ordos: edü-

Dongxian: uduru-

Shary-Yoghur: ūdu-

Comments: MGCD 540.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *iàr- ~ *aìr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to choose

Russian meaning: выбирать

Old Japanese: er-, erap-

Middle Japanese: èráb-

Tokyo: ér-, eráb-

Kyoto: èr-, éráb-

Kagoshima: èr-, èràb-

Comments: JLTT 681, 682. All forms point to low tone in the first syllable.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wVdV

Meaning: choose, ask, pledge

Indo-European: *wadh-

Altaic: *i̯udi(rV)

Kartvelian: *wed-

Dravidian: ? *vēt_-/*vēd_- (but cf. also *widV?)

Comments: [Cf. SC *-VdV 'hear', PAfAs *ʕud- 'count'.]

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *wadh-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: guarantee, bail

Baltic: *wad-a- c.

Germanic: *wad-ja- n., *wad-i- n.

Latin: vas, gen. vadis m. `Bürge'

Russ. meaning: залог, порука

References: WP I 216 f

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *wad-a- c.

Meaning: tax

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: vãda-s `Pfand, Bürge'

Lettish: vaduôt `auslösen, loskaufen'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *wadja-n, *wadi

Meaning: pledge, guarantee

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: wadi n. (ja) `guarantee'

Old Norse: veδ n. `Pfand, Sicherheit; Einsatz'

Norwegian: vedd

Old Danish: ved

Danish: ved `Pfand, Sicherheit; Einsatz'

Old English: wedd, -es n. `pledge, what is given as security; plegde, solemn promise, engagement, covenant, compact'

Old Frisian: wed, wedde

Old Saxon: weddi n. `Pfand, Vergleich, Wette, Einsatz',

Middle Dutch: wedde n. (/f.) `pand, bezoldiging'

Dutch: wedde f.

Old High German: wetti n. (8. Jh.) `Pfand, Pfandvertrag'

Middle High German: wɛtte, wɛte, wɛt st. n. `Wette, Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, Gesetz, Pfand, Einsatz bei einem Wettspiel, Bezahlung einer Schuld, Vergütung eines Schadens, Geldbusse',

German: Wette f.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 2073

Root: u̯adh-

English meaning: pledge

German meaning: `Pfand, Pfand einlösen'

Material: Lat. vas, vadis `Bürge', vadimōnium `Bürgschaft', praes. -dis, älter prae-vides `Bürge'; got. wadi n. `Pfand, Handgeld' (wadjabōkōs `Pfandbrief', gawadjōn `verloben'), aisl. veð n. `Pfand, anvertrautes Gut', afries. wed `Vertrag, Versprechen, Bürgschaft, Sicherheit', ags. wedd `Pfand, Vertrag', as. weddi `Pfand', ahd. wẹtti, wẹti `Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, Pfand', mhd. auch `Einsatz bei einer Wette, Schadenersatz', nhd. Wette; aisl. veðja `aufs Spiel setzen, wetten, unter Hinterlegung einer Bürgschaft Berufung einlegen', ags. weddian `Vertrag machen, versprechen, verheiraten' (weres weddian `sich einem Manne verloben', engl. wed `heiraten'), mhd. wetten `Pfand geben, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten', nhd. wetten;

    lit. vãdas `Pfand, Bürge', vadúoti (lett. vaduôt) `etwas Verpfändetes einlösen', už-vadúoti `für jemanden eintreten'.

References: WP. I 216 f., WH. II 735 f.

Pages: 1109

PIE database: PIE database

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *wed-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: желать, просить

English meaning: to wish, ask for

Georgian: ved-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): доверять; ved-r- 'просить, умолять'

Georgian meaning (Engl.): to trust; ved-r- 'to ask, beg'

Svan: wad 'wish (n.)', wd- 'to miss smbd.'

Notes and references: EWK 131.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *vēt_-/*vēd_-

Meaning : to separate

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *vēr_-

Proto-Telugu : *vēr_-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *vēt_-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *vēt_e- (*-r_-)

Brahui : birr-ing

Notes : The Brahui form preserves the archaic voiced variant (*ved_-).

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *vēr_-

Meaning : other, different

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : vēr_u

Tamil meaning : other, that which is different, that which is separated, class, kind, enmity, that which is opposite

Tamil derivates : vēr_u-paṭu, vēr_-ā to become different, separate, etc.; vēr_u-pāṭu difference, disagreement; vēr_r_avan_, vēr_r_ān_, vēr_r_uvan_, vēr_r_ōn_ stranger, enemy; vēr_r_-āḷ stranger; pariah; vēr_r_umai difference, antipathy, dissimilarity, disagreement, characteristic mark distinguishing an individual or species, case (grammatical); vevvēr_-āka separately, distinctly

Malayalam : vēr_u

Malayalam meaning : separation, difference; different

Malayalam derivates : vēr_-āka to be separated; vēr_-ākkuka to separate; vēr_u-pāṭu separation, absence; vēr_ē separately, distinctly, something else; vevvēr_ē separately, severally

Kannada : bēr_(u)

Kannada meaning : separation, state of being separate, apart or different

Kannada derivates : bēr_e separation, etc.; separate, apart, different, other, else; separately, etc.

Kodagu : bōre

Kodagu meaning : different

Tulu : bētè

Tulu meaning : separate, different, distinct, other

Proto-Nilgiri : *vēr (*-r_)

Number in DED : 5548

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *vēr (*-r_)

Meaning : state of being other, another's, different, separate, outcasted

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : vēr

Number in DED : 5548

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *vēr_-

Meaning : different, other, separate; difference, separateness, separation

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : vēr_u

Additional forms : Also vēr_upaḍu to become different, differ, separate; vēr_upāṭu difference, separation, etc.; [1] vēr_aḍamu, [2] vēr_imi difference; vevvēr_u separate, distinct, several

Number in DED : 5548

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *vēt_-

Meaning : separate

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : vēta

Number in DED : 5548

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *vēt_e- (*-r_-)

Meaning : separate

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *vēre- (*-R-)

Konda : vēRe vēRe

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *bre- (*-R-)

Notes : Bisyllabic root. Konda *-R- would suggest a *-t_- here, but it contradicts to Gondi vēreton. On the other hand, PKG has a sure *-t_-.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *vēre-

Meaning : another

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Koya Gondi : vēreton

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ko (T) vēre separately

Number in DED : 5548

Number in CVOTGD : 3315

Konda etymology :

Konda : vēRe vēRe

Meaning: differently, separately

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 5548

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *bre- (*-R-)

Meaning : stranger

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : breenju

Number in DED : 5548

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : birr-ing

Meaning : to separate out, pick out, select, distinguish

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Additional forms : birvē sieve; birvē kanning to sift; birvinging to be sifted

Number in DED : 5548

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