Altaic etymology : List with all references

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *gằgtà

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: one of a pair

Russian meaning: один из пары

Turkic: *Kat

Mongolian: *gagča

Tungus-Manchu: *gagda

Japanese: *kàtà

Comments: Rozycki 85 (TM-Mong.). Despite Doerfer MT 51, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. The Mong. form presents some difficulties: apart from the unclear variant *ganča, the form *gagča itself can only belong here if it is an irregular development < *gagči < *gagti, or if it is a contraction of a derived form *gagta-ča. Note that Jpn. *kàtà may also be derived from PA *kalt`o q. v.

altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *Kat

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: layer

Russian meaning: слой

Old Turkic: qat (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qat (MK, KB)

Turkish: kat

Tatar: qat

Middle Turkic: qat (Houts., AH, IM, MA)

Uzbek: qɔt, dial. qɛt

Uighur: qat

Azerbaidzhan: Gat

Turkmen: Gat

Khakassian: xat

Oyrat: qat

Chuvash: xut

Yakut: xat 'double, X times'

Dolgan: kat 'X times'

Tuva: qa't

Kirghiz: qat

Bashkir: qat

Karakalpak: qat

Kumyk: qat

Comments: VEWT 241, ЭСТЯ 5, 335-336, TMN 3, 419, Stachowski 140, Ашм. XVI, 250-255, Федотов 2, 371-372. The original meaning must have been "one of two layers" - as witnessed by the Yak. meaning and by external evidence.

turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-bas,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *gagča

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: single, alone

Russian meaning: единственный

Written Mongolian: ɣaɣča (L 343), ɣanča

Middle Mongolian: qaxča (HY 44, SH), qaqčar (instr., IM), ɣaqča (MA)

Khalkha: gagcār, gagc, ganc

Buriat: gansa, gagsa

Kalmuck: ɣakcǝ

Ordos: gagča, ganča

Dagur: ganči (Тод. Даг. 130), gaškā(r) (Тод. Даг. 131), gančare, gašikare (MD 148)

Monguor: xaʒ́aGār, śʒ́aGār (instr.) (SM 148, 388)

Comments: KW 141, MGCD 283. The variant ɣanča is not quite clear. Mong. > Ul. Gaqsị, Orok Gaqsa, Evn. gasụn (these forms should be kept distinct from the genuine PTM *gagda).

monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gagda

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: one of a pair

Russian meaning: один из пары

Evenki: gagda

Even: gād

Negidal: gagda

Literary Manchu: Gaqda, Gaqta

Nanai: GaGda

Oroch: gagda

Udighe: gagda

Comments: ТМС 1, 135.

tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kàtà

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: one of two sides

Russian meaning: одна из двух сторон

Old Japanese: kata

Middle Japanese: kàtà

Comments: JLTT 442.

japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-comments,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *gagtV

Meaning: two, pair

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kat- / -e- ?

Altaic: *gằgtà

Uralic: *kakta ~ *käktä

Dravidian: *Kiṭ- ?

References: ND 607 *gaKt[ä] 'couple, one of a pair' (Alt.-Ur. + very dubious Om. and Eg.).

nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *kat-/-e-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: troop

Slavic: *četā́

Baltic: *keket-ā̂, *kekt-ā̂ f.

Latin: caterva f. `geschlossener Haufe (von Menschen, Tieren), Schar, Truppe'

Other Italic: Umbr kateramu, caterahamo `catervamini, congregamini'

Celtic: MIr cethern f. `Trupp, Schar'

Russ. meaning: отряд

References: WP I 383

Comments: Some confusion with *kat- 'hut, shed'

piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,

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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: чета́:

Near etymology: он мне не чета́, др.-русск. чета "отряд, община, толпа, полчище, сообщники", цслав. чета φάλαγξ, ст.-слав. съчетати "сочетать, соединять" (Супр.), болг. че́та "отряд", сербохорв. че̏та "отряд, войско", чеш., слвц. čеtа "отряд, шествие".

Further etymology: Вероятно, родственно лат. саtеrvа "отряд, толпа", умбр. kateramu "congregamini", ирл. сеthеrn "отряд, толпа"; см. Бецценбергер, ВВ 16, 240; Стокс 76; Кречмер, KZ 31, 378 и сл.; Сольмсен, Unters. gr. Lautl. 203; Бернекер I, 152 и сл.; Мейе -- Эрну 188. Едва ли связано с котора́, вопреки Вайану (RЕS 19, 106).

Pages: 4,351

vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *keket-ā̂, *kekt-ā̂ f.

Meaning: troop

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: keketà, kektà 'Abteilung, Schar'

baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 852

Root: kat-1

English meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net

German meaning: `flechtend zusammendrehen, zu Ketten, Stricken, Hürdengeflecht'

Material: Lat. catēna `Kette' (*cates-nā), cassis, -is `Jägergarn, Netz' (wegen catēna eher = *kat-s-is als *kat-ti-s; vielleicht auch casa `primitive Hütte' (ursprünglich aus leichtem Geflecht; wohl dial. aus *cati̯ā, wie osk. Bansae aus Bantiae);

vielleicht hierher caterva f. `Haufe, Schar, Truppe' (*kates-ou̯ā), umbr. kateramu, caterahamo `catervamini, congregamini', doch s. unten unter ket-1.

cymr. cader `Festung' (nur in ON), air. cathir `Stadt';

vielleicht aisl. hadda f. `Ring, Henkel, Bügel' (*haþiþōn: catēna; recht unsicher), wohl ags. heaðor n. `Einschließung, Gefängnis';

ksl. kotьcь `cella, Nest', russ. kotý Pl. `Fischwehr, Fischzaun', skr. kôt, (dial.) kòtac `kleiner Stall'; dial. `Art Fischfang' usw. und bulg. kótara, kótora, kótor `Hürde', skr. kȍtar `Zaun', kȍtār `Gebiet, Grenze' (`*aus Zäunen'), sloven. kotár `Bezirk' (s. Berneker 386, 588);

References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.

Pages: 534

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Uralic etymology :

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Number: 229

Proto: *kakta ~ *käktä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: two

German meaning: zwei

Finnish: kaksi (gen. kahden)

Estonian: kaks (gen. kahe)

Saam (Lapp): guok'tĕ -vt- (N), kuokte (L), kī̊kt, ki̊kt (T), kūχt (Kld.), kuaχt (Not.), koχt (A)

Mordovian: kavto, kafto (E), kafta (M)

Mari (Cheremis): kok (attr.), koktǝ̑t (subst., pred.) (KB U B)

Udmurt (Votyak): ki̮k (ki̮kt-, ki̮k-), kǝ̑k- (K), kị̑k (kị̑kt-) (G)

Komi (Zyrian): ki̮k (SP), køk (PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): kät (V), kĕt (DN), kȧt (O) (attr.), kätkǝn (V), kȧtǝn (DN O) (subst.), kitǝnti (Trj.) 'beide'

Mansi (Vogul): kit́ (TJ), kit (KU P So.); ki^.tǝw (TJ), kitǝɣ (KU P), kitiɣ (So) (subst.)

Hungarian: két (attr.), kettő (subst.)

Nenets (Yurak): śid́e (O), śićā (Nj.)

Enets (Yen): sire (Ch.), side (B)

Nganasan (Tawgi): siti

Selkup: sitte (Ke), śede (N)

Kamass: šide

Janhunen's version: (113) *ke/äktä

Sammalahti's version: *kektä, FP *kakta

Addenda: Koib. syda; Mot. kydy; Karag. gide; Taig. кидде

Yukaghir parallels: kiji-

uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-janh,uralet-samm2,uralet-add,uralet-yuk,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *Kiṭ-

Meaning : to touch; near

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kiṭ-

Proto-Telugu : *kiṭṭ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *kiṭ-

dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-ndr,

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *Kiṭ-

Meaning : near; to touch

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kiṭṭu (kiṭṭi-)

Tamil meaning : to draw near (in time or place), be on friendly terms with, be attained, accomplished, be clenched (as the teeth in lockjaw); approach, attack, meet, tie, bind

Tamil derivates : kiṭṭa near, close by; kiṭṭam nearness, vicinity; kiṭṭi clamps (used in torture, etc.); kiṭṭin_ar relations, friends, associates; kiṭai (-pp-, -tt-) to be obtained, found, come into one's possession, join, come together; approach, encounter, oppose; n. comparison, likeness, equality

Malayalam : kiṭa

Malayalam meaning : approach, match, equality

Malayalam derivates : kiṭayuka to knock against, quarrel, be found or obtained; kiṭaccal meeting, quarrelling; kiṭekka to be obtained, engage in; kiṭṭuka to come to hand, be obtained, reach; kiṭṭam vicinity, nearness; kiṭṭi torture by pressing the hands between two sticks

Kannada : kiṭṭu

Kannada meaning : to touch, reach, come to hand, be obtained

Kannada derivates : giṭṭu, gīṭu to be obtained, etc., be pressed closely one to the other; giṭṭisu, gīṭisu to cause oneself to be reached; kiṭṭi torture in which hands, ears or noses are pressed between two sticks; kiḍu touching, approach; gaḍe touching, fitting, meeting; match, comparison, equality; geḍe touching; match; friendship, intimacy

Kodagu : kɨṭṭ- (kɨṭṭi-)

Kodagu meaning : to be got, come into possession of

Tulu : kiṭṭa

Tulu meaning : proximity; near

Tulu derivates : giṭṭa proximate, near

Proto-Nilgiri : *kiṭ-

Miscellaneous : KOR (M) kiṭṭɨ to touch

Number in DED : 1538

sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-misc,sdret-dednum,

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Nilgiri etymology :

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Proto-Nilgiri : *kiṭ-

Meaning : to be caught (in crowd, by buffalo's horns, by promise that one must keep, etc.)

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : kiṭ- (kiṭy-)

Additional forms : Also Toda kɨḍ- vicinity (kɨḍk, kɨḍṣ)

Number in DED : 1538

ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *kiṭṭ-

Meaning : to approach, draw near, agree, suit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kiṭṭu

Additional forms : Also giṭṭu to be agreeable or favourable, friendly terms or feelings to exist; (B) suit, agree, match or meet, be met, (teeth) are set, attack, meet with; giṭṭani inimical, hostile

Notes : Probably two dif. roots.

Number in DED : 1538

telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-notes,telet-dednum,

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North Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-North-Dravidian : *kiṭ-

Meaning : near, nigh

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malto : kiṭe

Additional forms : Also MLT kitre to approach (with t!)

Number in DED : 1538

ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-mlt,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVKTV

Meaning : pair, one of a pair

Eurasiatic : *gagtV

Afroasiatic : ? Omot. *gutto 'two'

Sino-Caucasian : ? ST *g(h)at 'one'

globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,

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