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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *č`[a]ge
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of plant (reed) and its bast
Russian meaning: вид растения (тростника) и его кора
Turkic: *čɨg (~-ɨ̄-)
Mongolian: *čaɣal-su
Korean: *čjòhắi
Comments: PKE 39 (Kor.-Mong.). The meaning 'paper' in Mong. and Kor. must be derived from original '(reed) bast, bark'. Labialized -o- (as well as the source of modern -ŋ-) in Kor. is not quite clear.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-kor,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *čɨg (~-ɨ̄-)
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 reed 2 reed mat 3 things woven from reed
Russian meaning: 1 тростник, чий 2 тростниковая циновка 3 изделия, плетеные из чия (тростника)
Old Turkic: čɨɣ (OUygh.) 1
Karakhanid: čɨɣ (MK) 'reed screen'
Turkish: čɨɣ, čiɣ 'reed partition'
Middle Turkic: čɨɣ 2 (Sangl.)
Uzbek: čij 1, 3
Uighur: čiɣ 1
Sary-Yughur: ǯiɣ 1
Oyrat: čij 1
Kirghiz: čij 1, 3
Kazakh: šij 1, 3
Noghai: šijboj 'любисток' (?)
Balkar: čij 2
Karakalpak: šij 2
Comments: VEWT 107, 110; EDT 404, 412. Turk. > MMong. (HY 20) čix, WMong. čig, Khalkha čig, Ord. čīg 'bamboo screen'. The Nogh. form may be a compound; for the second part cf. *bɨńan.
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-alt,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-blkx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *čaɣal-su
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: paper
Russian meaning: бумага
Written Mongolian: čaɣasu(n) (L 159), čaɣalsun (DO 696)
Middle Mongolian: ča'alsun (HY 20, SH), čalsun (MA)
Khalkha: cās
Buriat: sārha(n)
Kalmuck: cāsṇ
Ordos: čāsu
Dagur: čās (Тод. Даг. 180), čāse (MD 127)
Shary-Yoghur: čāsǝn
Monguor: ćā(r)ʒǝ (SM 441), ćālʒǝ (Huzu), (MGCD čālsǝ)
Comments: KW 424, MGCD 553. Mong. > Evk. čārsun, see Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 126.
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,

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Korean etymology :

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Proto-Korean: *čjòhắi
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: paper
Russian meaning: бумага
Modern Korean: čoŋi
Middle Korean: čjòhắi
Comments: Nam 432, KED 1486.
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: */ḳ/alV
Meaning: to burn
Borean: Borean
Indo-European: *k(')al(u̯)-, *k(')lēu-
Altaic: *k`i̯āla ( ~ -ĺ-)
Dravidian: *kāḷ- (or *koḷ- 1868) [cf. also *gwVlV)
References: МССНЯ 341, ОСНЯ 1, 332-333. ND 1040 *ḲEy(a)ḷa 'burn' (+ Sem.).
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *k'al(w)e- / -e-, *k(')lēw-
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Meaning: warm, hot
Baltic: *čil̂- vb. intr. (1), *čil̃-t-a- adj.
Germanic: *xal-ō- vb.; *xlēw-(i)a- adj., *xliw-ja- adj., *xliw-ja- n., *xlēw-an-ō- vb., *xlū-m-a-/*xliu-m-a- adj., etc.
Latin: calēre `warm, heiss sein, glühen', calidus, -a `warm, heiss', calor, -ōris m. `Wärme, Hitze'
Celtic: Cymr clyd `warm', MIr clithe `apricis'
Russ. meaning: теплый, горячий
References: WP I 429 f
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *čil̂- vb. intr. (1), *čil̃-t-a- adj.
Meaning: warm
Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology
Lithuanian: šìlti (šį̃la, žem. šìlsta, šìlō) 'warm werden, sich werden'; (Lyberis) šil̃tas (4) 'теплый'
Lettish: sil̃t (sil̃stu, silu) 'warm werden', sìlts 'warm'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *xalōn-; *xlēw(i)a-, *xliwja-, *xliwja-n, *xlēwanōn- vb., *xlūma-/*xliuma- etc.
Meaning: warm
IE etymology: IE etymology
Old Norse: hlǟ-r `milde, warm', hlāna wk. `lauer, milde werden'; hlāka f. `Tauwetter'; hlǖ-r `warm, milde', hlǖ n. `Schutz, Wärme'
Norwegian: lä adj.; lü adj.; dial. lüa `milde Luft'
Old Swedish: lior adj.
Swedish: ljum `mild, lau'; lü adj.; dial. lü `geschützter Ort'
Old Danish: laa adj.
Danish: lum, lummer `mild, lau'; lü adj.; lü `geschützter Ort'
Old English: hlēow `warm, sonnig'
Old Saxon: halōian `brennen'
Middle Dutch: laeu
Dutch: lauw
Middle Low German: la(u)w
Old High German: lāo `lau, mild' (9.Jh.)
Middle High German: lā (-w-), lǟwe, lāw, lāb adj. 'lau, milde'
German: lau; bair. läunen `tauen'; schweiz. lūm `mild (vom Wetter)'
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 887
Root: k̂el-1
English meaning: cold; warm
German meaning: 1. `frieren, kalt', 2. `warm' (Bedeutungsvermittlungs wohl `brennend')
Material: 1. Ai. śiśira- `kühl, kalt', m. `kühle Zeit, Kälte', av. sarǝta- `kalt', npers. sard ds., osset. sald `Kälte', av. sarǝ-δā- `Kälte bringend';

    aisl. hēla `Reif (hi-hlōn-, vgl. ai. śi-śira-); ndl. hal n. `gefrorener Boden', mit Dehnstufe ē ahd. hāli `schlüpfrig, glatt', nhd. bair. hāl, schweiz. hǟl ds., ags. hǣlig `unzuverlässig', aisl. hāll `glatt, listig';

    lit. šąlù, šálti `frieren' (lett. sal̂t), šáltas `kalt' (lett. sal̂ts), šalnà `Reif (lett. sal̂na), pãšalas `gefrorene Erde' = apr. passalis `Frost', lit. pašolỹs `Nachtfrost, Frost in der Erde';

    abg. slana `Reif'.

    2. Ai. śarád- f. `Herbst', mit Zahlwörtern `Jahr', av. sarǝδ- f. `Jahr' (s. auch Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 zu lyd. σαρδις `Jahr'), osset. särd `Sommer', npers. sāl `Jahr' (`Herbst' als `warmeZeit', ebenso lit. šilus `August', richtiger šilius);

    lat. caleō, -ēre `warm, heiß sein, glühen', calidus `warm, heiß', calor `Wärme, Hitze';

    cymr. clyd (*k̂l̥-to-) `warm, wärmend' (: lit. šil̃tas); dazu vielleicht von einer ei̯-Erweiterung cymr. claear `lauwarm', bret. klouar ds.?

    As. halōian `brennen'; im Germ. wurde eine Erweiterung *k̂leu- frachtbar: ahd. lāo, flect.lāwēr `lau', aisl. hlǣr ds., vom Wetter (*hlēwia-), hlāna `mild werden', bair. läunen `tauen', aisl. hlāka `Tauwetter': aisl. hlȳr `lau', hlȳ n. `Wärme', ags. hlēowe `lau', aisl. hlē (*hlēwa-) n. `Schutz, Leeseite', as. hleo m. `Schutz vor dem Wetter', afries. hlī, ags. hlēo, hlēow n. `Obdach, Decke, Schutz' (vgl. auch mhd. liewe, lie f. `Laube', schweiz. `geschützte Lage, Sonnenseite', schwed. lya `Höhle von Tieren'); norw. dän. lum, lummer `mild, lau', schwed. ljum ds., schweiz. lūm `mild, vom Wetter' u. dgl., ndd. luk, holl. leuk `lau'.

    lit. šylù, šilaũ, šìlti `warm werden'; šil̃tas `warm' (: cymr. clyd).

References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.
Pages: 551-552
PIE database: PIE database
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *kāḷ-
Meaning : to burn
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Proto-South Dravidian: *kāḷ-
Proto-Telugu : *kāl-
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kāḷ-
Brahui : kalūṛ (?)
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-bra,

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *kāḷ-
Meaning : to burn
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Malayalam : kāḷuka
Malayalam meaning : to burn, flame
Malayalam derivates : kāḷal high flame, love-fever
Number in DED : 1500
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-dednum,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *kāl-
Meaning : to burn, be burnt, scalded, scorched, baked
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Telugu : kālu
Additional forms : Also kālupu burning, setting on fire, baking, roasting; kālcu to burn (tr.), set fire to, scald, singe, scorch, char, bake
Number in DED : 1500
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,

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Kolami-Gadba etymology :

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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kāḷ-
Meaning : to smart
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Parji : kāl-
Number in DED : 1500
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-parji,kogaet-dednum,

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Brahui etymology :

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Brahui : kalūṛ
Meaning : ashes
Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology
Additional forms : Bray 155.
braet-meaning,braet-prnum,braet-addition,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVLV
Meaning : dry, burn
Eurasiatic : *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
Afroasiatic : *ḳVl-
Sino-Caucasian : *QwVɫV
Amerind (misc.) : *q̇ʷala 'cook, burn' (R 148) [+ A K]; *kʷali 'sun; light; kindle' (R 704)
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳVl-
Meaning: be hot, burn
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Semitic: *ḳVlVw- 'roast'
Egyptian: Copt krōm, Fay klōm
Central Chadic: *kwal- 'hotness'
Notes: Cf. Eg. ḳrr (pyr) 'burn (pots)' (see *ḳar- 'burn; fire')
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-egy,afaset-cch,afaset-notes,

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Semitic etymology :

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Number: 805
Proto-Semitic: *ḳVlVw-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: 'roast'
Akkadian: qalû
Mandaic Aramaic: ḳla 'burn'
Arabic: qlw [-i-, -u-]
Notes: Based on *ḳVl-
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-mnd,semet-ara,semet-notes,

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *kwal-
Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning: 'hotness'
Bachama: kwulkwul [Kr: N 306], kulkul [Sk]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bch,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *QwVɫV
Meaning: to burn, boil
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Sino-Tibetan: *kōɫ (~ g-, q-, G-, -ū-)
Burushaski: *ɣol-
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kōɫ (~ g-, q-, G-, -ū-)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: boil
Chinese: *kūnʔ seethe, boil.
Tibetan: skol (p., f. bskol) to boil (tr.), ãkhol (p. khol) be boiled.
Comments: Cf. also OCh. 涫 *kʷāns to bubble. Bod. 137; Coblin 49.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character:
Modern (Beijing) reading: gǔn
Preclassic Old Chinese: kūnʔ
Classic Old Chinese: kwǝ̄́n
Western Han Chinese: kwǝ̄́n
Eastern Han Chinese: kwǝ̄́n
Early Postclassic Chinese: kwǝ̄́n
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwǝ̄́n
Late Postclassic Chinese: kwǝ̄́n
Middle Chinese: kón
English meaning : seethe, boil
Russian meaning[s]: 1) клокотать, бурлить; быстро катиться (о волнах); 2) кипеть; кипящий, крутой; 3) вертеться, крутиться; скатиться; разг. выкатиться, убраться вон; 4) жарг. увильнуть (от уплаты)
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology
Dialectal data: Dialectal data
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 5745
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 1839
Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology
Character:
MC description : 臻合一上混見
ZIHUI: 3340 2183
Beijing: kuǝn 2
Jinan: kuẽ 2
Xi'an: kuẽ 2
Taiyuan: kuŋ 2
Hankou: kuǝn 2
Chengdu: kuǝn 2
Yangzhou: kuǝn 2
Suzhou: kuǝn 2
Wenzhou: kaŋ 21
Changsha: kuǝn 2
Shuangfeng: kuǝn 2
Nanchang: kun 2
Meixian: kun 2
Guangzhou: kuan 21
Xiamen: kun 2
Chaozhou: kuŋ 21
Fuzhou: kouŋ 2
Shanghai: kuǝŋ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: kuǝn 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Burushaski etymology :

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Common Burushaski: *ɣol-
Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology
Meaning: burn
Yasin: ɣol-, ɣul- intr., -s-qul- tr.
Hunza: ɣulú-
Nagar: ɣulú-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,

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