Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯alge

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: throat, to swallow

Russian meaning: глотка, глотать

Mongolian: *balgu-

Tungus-Manchu: *bilga

Comments: KW 31, ОСНЯ 1, 173. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *balgu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to swallow 2 gulp

Russian meaning: 1 глотать 2 глоток

Written Mongolian: balɣu- (L 80) 1, balɣu 2

Khalkha: balga- 1, balga 2

Buriat: balga- 1, balga 2

Kalmuck: balɣǝ- 1, balɣǝ 2

Comments: KW 31.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *bilga

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: throat

Russian meaning: горло, глотка

Evenki: bilga

Even: bịlgъ̣

Negidal: bịlga

Spoken Manchu: bilǝhā (62)

Literary Manchu: bilχa

Ulcha: bịlǯa

Orok: bịlda

Nanai: bịlGa

Oroch: bigga

Udighe: bigaŋa (Корм. 212)

Comments: ТМС 1, 82. TM > Dag. bilgara (Тод. Даг. 126).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *balʕ[u]

Meaning: to swallow, throat

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *bi̯alge

Uralic: *pala

Dravidian: *vēḷ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *pǝlɣǝ-

References: МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 173; ND 200 *baḷ(i)ɣ[U] 'swallow, throat'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 705

Proto: *pala

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: bit; to devour

German meaning: Bissen; fressen

Finnish: pala 'Bissen, Brocke, Krume'

Estonian: pala

Saam (Lapp): buola 'frustulum', pŭ͕ǝ̆l͔̑l͔^e (Ko. Not.) 'Klotz, der sich beim Biegen der Schlittenkufe od. des Lappenschlittenkiels zwischen diesen und dem Druckhebel befindet' ?

Mordovian: pal (E) 'кусок (о продуктах)', (M) 'Fleisch'

Mari (Cheremis): pultǝ̑š (J U) 'Bissen (Brot-, Fleisch-) ?

Komi (Zyrian): palak (Skr.) 'пласт; ком, комок (земли, навоза, снега)', (P) ji-palak 'Eisscholle'

Khanty (Ostyak): puḷ (V), pül (DN), pul (O) 'Bissen, Stück, Mundvoll', puli̮- (V) 'schlürfen, kosten', pül- (DT) 'verschlingen', pulǝt- (O) 'gierig essen, erschnappen'

Mansi (Vogul): pōl (TJ), pūl (KU So.), pulǝ (VN) 'Stück, Bissen'

Hungarian: fal- 'fressen, schlucken', falat 'Bissen'

Nenets (Yurak): pāĺe- (OP) 'verschlingen, verschlucken'

Selkup: poli̮- (Ta.) 'verschlucken', pōl- (Ty.) 'verschlingen'

Janhunen's version: (9) *pala

Sammalahti's version: *pala

Addenda: Koib. поолдола 'глоток'

Yukaghir parallels: !

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *vēḷ-

Meaning : throat, neck

Proto-South Dravidian: *vēḷ-ai

Notes : A Malayalam-Kodagu isogloss; see, however, also notes on PGn 1094.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *vēḷ-ai

Meaning : neck, throat

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malayalam : vēḷa

Malayalam meaning : throat

Kodagu : bōḷe

Kodagu meaning : neck

Number in DED : 5547

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *pǝĺ'ɣǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): трахея

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *piLɣǝ-n

Proto-Itelmen: *pučx-č

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *piLɣǝ-n

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): горло

Chukchee: pílɣǝ-n

Koryak: pilɣǝ-n

Palan: pilɣǝ-n

Alutor: pilɣǝ-

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *pučx-č

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): горловина затона

West Itelmen: pučx-č

West Itelmen meaning: collum retis

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): szyja u więcierza

Comments: Юж. камч. pa'aɣan < pălɣan.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : to swallow, throat; pipe

Eurasiatic : *balʕ[u]

Afroasiatic : *balVʕ/ɣ- (cf. also *balaʕ- 'eat, swallow')

Sino-Caucasian : *HpēɫV̄ ?

Reference : МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 173; ND 200.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *balVʕ-

Meaning: uvula, larynx

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *balVʕ/ɣ- 'uvula; gullet, gorge'

Berber: *bilbil ~ *bilul 'uvula'

Egyptian: bʕn (pyr) 'neck (of bird)'

Western Chadic: *bVlVʔ- ~ *bilbil- 'uvula' 1, 'uvular' 2, 'crop' 3

East Chadic: *bVl- 'throat, voice'

Beḍauye (Beja): balaʔa 'gullet'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *bul- 'bull's hump' (?)

Saho-Afar: *biliʕ- 'necklace'

Omotic: *balaH- 'neck'

Notes: Metathetically related to *ɣilab- 'neck' ? Cf. EDE I 96; Bla Review 500.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 72

Proto-Semitic: *balVʕ/ɣ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: uvula; gullet, gorge

Syrian Aramaic: bālaʕtā 'guttur' [Brock 76]

Mandaic Aramaic: balʕuma 'gullet' [DM 48].

    Looks like an Arabism

Arabic: bulʕum- 'oesophage, canal de déglution' [BK 1 161]; cf. also ʔa-blaɣ- 'long (se dit du cou, d'une encolure longue)' [ibid. 162].

    Note also balʕ-at- 'trou dans la meule' [ibid. 161] and bulaʕ- 'trou de la poulie' [ibid.] (both lit. 'gorge'?)

Mehri: tǝbǝlōt 'uvula; tonsil(s); tonsilitis' [JM 399]

Jibbali: tɔbźɔʕɔ́t 'uvula' [JJ 269]; cf. mú-blɔɣ 'tonsil' [ibid. 26]

Soqotri: bálḥam 'viveur' [LS 88] (-ḥ- <-*ʕ-); QALAN.-V téblɛɣɔh 'luette' [SSL 4 94]; QADHUB tǝ́blaɣah 'amygdale; luette' [SSL LS 1454]

Notes: Usually regarded as related to, or derived from, SEM *blʕ 'to swallow' (cf. [DRS 68], [LGz 92-95]); this verb, however, definitely points to ʕ (so in ARB and MSA), while the noun under consideration shows oscillation ʕ/ɣ in JIB, SOQ and, likely, ARB.

    Note variant stems with *-am in ARB (cf. also blʕm and blʕ 'avaler' [BK 1 161) and SOQ (the MND example is likely an Arabism), which may probably be regarded as common SEM, and *ta- in MSA.

    [DRS 68-69]

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *bilbil ~ *bilul

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'uvula'

Ghat: bēlǝbēlé

Figig: ta-bilul-t N-Z 1998, 53

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: bʕn (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'neck (of bird)'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *bVlVʔ- ~ *bilbil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'uvula' 1, 'uvular' 2, 'crop' 3

Hausa: bḕlí 1

Mupun: bèlíbèli 2 (Mats)

Sura: bɛ̀lbɛ̀l 1

Boghom: bēlu 1 [Cs N 96]

Bokos: bùlèʔ 3 [JgR]

Bade: bàal-ǝ́n 1 [Lukas]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *bVl-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'throat, voice'

Bidiya: béle [JBid]

Bedauye (Beja) etymology :

Bedauye: balaʔa

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'gullet'

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *bul-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bull's hump'

Qemant: būl

Awiya (Aungi): bu_lī

Notes: Con Ross 176

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *biliʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'necklace'

Afar (Danakil): biliʕa

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *balaH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'neck'

Ometo: Koyra balaa

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HpēɫV̄

Meaning: tube, pipe

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *HpēɫV̄ (~-ī-)

Sino-Tibetan: *ƛōŋ / *ƛōn (p-)

Basque: *upel / *upe

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *HpēɫV̄ (~-ī-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: vein, sinew, pipe

Proto-Nakh: *ʔīp

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *pulV

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨ A

Proto-Lak: p:iIllu

Proto-Dargwa: *lap

Notes: Darg. has a metathesized form (*lap instead of *pal). Not clear is the Lak. initial p:- (perhaps, a bad recording of a dialectal form?); p- should be expected. The original meaning of the root must have been "pipe; kennel" - cf. also related HU forms: Hurr. pala, Ur. pīlǝ "canal" (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 16) - but in several subgroups a semantic shift "pipe" > "blood vessel, sinew" took place.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔīp

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mill kennel

Chechen: āpari

Ingush: ip

Comments: PN paradigm: *ʔīp, *ʔāp-ar- (cf. also Ing. erg. aparo); in Chech. the former oblique base became direct (a doublet form apar exists also in Ing.). Chech. 4th class, Ing. 3d class.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *pulV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pipe 2 vein, blood vessel

Akhvakh: huli 2

Chamalal: pul 2

Tindi: pula 1,2

Karata: pule 2

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨ A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 blood vessel 2 pipe, reed-pipe

Tsezi: pelu 2

Khvarshi: pili (Radzhibov)

Bezhta: pi 1

Gunzib: pǝ 1

Comments: PTsKh *pilV; PGB *pɨ, obl. *pɨlV- (cf. Bezht. pili-). For PTs *pɨlV must be reconstructed as the oblique base (which became direct in Tsez.). The variation in meaning is probably archaic (reflected also in other EC languages).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: p:iIllu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wooden part of the reed-pipe

Lak form: p:iIllu (Bartkh.)

Comments: The Bartkh. dialectal form is quoted from Хайдаков 1966.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *lap

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sinew

Akusha: lap-ni

Comments: lap-ni is originally a plural form. Cf. also Tsud. lap (pl. lapni) id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ƛōŋ / *ƛōn (p-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tube

Chinese: 筒 *Łōŋ tube.

Tibetan: lćuŋ thimble, doŋ-po, ldoŋ-po tube, any hollow cylindrical vessel.

Burmese: prauŋh, prwan, prwaj (OB plwan) tube.

Kachin: nthuŋ⁴ a bamboo water vessel (pjoŋ³ a tube, a pipe, (H) bjoŋ id. probably < Burm.).

Comments: Coblin 153. Cf. Austric: PAA *lVŋ 'pot', PAN *balaŋa 'pan, pot'. paluŋ 'feeding trough'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 筒

Modern (Beijing) reading: tóng

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łōŋ

Classic Old Chinese: Łōŋ

Western Han Chinese: lōŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: lōŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: dōŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dōŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: dwōŋ

Middle Chinese: duŋ

English meaning : tube

Russian meaning[s]: 1) трубка; труба; цилиндр; 2) почтовый ящик (тумба)

Comments: Mod. tone is irregular (tóng would be expected). For *Ł- (unaspirated) cf. Xiamen tɔŋ², Chaozhou, Jianou toŋ², Fuzhou töüŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 118

Four-angle index: 3789

Karlgren code: 1176 g

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1482

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 筒

MC description : 通合一平東定

ZIHUI: 4592 2625

Beijing: thuŋ 2

Jinan: thuŋ 2

Xi'an: thoŋ 2

Taiyuan: thuŋ 2

Hankou: thoŋ 2

Chengdu: thoŋ 12

Yangzhou: thɔuŋ 2

Suzhou: doŋ 12

Wenzhou: doŋ 12

Changsha: toŋ 12

Shuangfeng: daŋ 12; dǝn 12

Nanchang: thuŋ 12

Meixian: thuŋ 12

Guangzhou: thuŋ 12

Xiamen: tɔŋ 12

Chaozhou: toŋ 12

Fuzhou: töyŋ 12

Shanghai: toŋ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: thuŋ 12

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *upel / *upe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 barrel 2 cask 3 vat 4 stave (of barrel) 5 cooper 6 wine cellar, warehouse of casks 7 spigot, faucet (of cask)

Bizkaian: upa, upe 1, 2, 3, upel, upela 1, 2, upol 4, upa-zotz 7

Gipuzkoan: upela-gile 5, (Ernani) upela-tegi 6, upa-zotz, upa-txotx 7

High Navarrese: (Lezaka) upela-gile 5, upela-tegi 6

Comments: A southwestern Bsq word; the northeast prefers *tupV (q.v.) with some of the same meanings. *upe(l), *tupV, and Romance words derived from Lat. cūpa have blended to some extent in Bsq, so much so that some etymologists have conflated them, with alternating initials (or none) (!) . BNV, LAB dupel 'cask' looks like a blend.

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