Kiranti etymology : List with all references

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Kiranti etymology :

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Proto-Kiranti: *phék

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: dress

Sunwar: 'phēk-ca

Tulung: phǝmsi- (*phǝk-sit-) wear, put on (clothes)

kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-tul,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *bhǝ̆k (~ -ɨ̆-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: garment

Chinese: 服 *bǝk garment, robe; to wear.

Tibetan: ãbog a k. of upper garment.

Kiranti: *phék

Comments: Cf. PAN *t'abuk 'loincloth' (Peiros 1998, 221).

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character: 服

Modern (Beijing) reading: fú

Preclassic Old Chinese: bǝk

Classic Old Chinese: bǝk

Western Han Chinese: bǝk

Eastern Han Chinese: bwǝk

Early Postclassic Chinese: bwɨk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: buk

Late Postclassic Chinese: buk

Middle Chinese: bük

English meaning : to submit, to yoke; [to subject to one's mental effort] > to think intensely, reflect.

Russian meaning[s]: 1) платье, одежда; одеваться; 2) траурные одежды, траур; 3) принимать (пищу, лекарство), глотать; доза, прием; 4) подчиняться; повиноваться, слушаться; послушный, покорный; 5) служить; нести повинности; 6) привыкнуть к...; приспособиться к...; 7) ехать на..., сесть на...; 8) древн. подвластная территория; 9) Фу (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 用也.一曰車右騑所以舟旋.從舟.�聲.古文服.從人.

Comments: Probably same etymon as 伏 *bǝk 'to lie down, put down' q. v., for which there is evidence in favour of OC *b- (the Xiamen colloquial reading pɔk8).

The character is also used for a homonymous *bǝk 'clothes, garment'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 74

Four-angle index: 5956

Karlgren code: 0934 d-f

Shijing occurrences: 1.2_, 2.2, 47.1

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 595

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 服

MC description : 通合三入屋奉

ZIHUI: 2591 0773

Beijing: fu 12

Jinan: fu 12

Xi'an: fu 12

Taiyuan: fǝʔ 42

Hankou: fu 12

Chengdu: fu 12

Yangzhou: fɔʔ 4

Suzhou: voʔ 42

Wenzhou: vu 42

Changsha: fu 4

Shuangfeng: xǝu 31

Nanchang: фuk 41

Meixian: fuk 42

Guangzhou: fuk 42

Xiamen: hɔk 42

Chaozhou: hok 42

Fuzhou: xuʔ 42

Shanghai: voʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: fu 41

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *qā́rṗV

Meaning: coat, shell

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *q_ārṗV / *ṗārq_V

Sino-Tibetan: *qrāp

Yenisseian: Cf. Kott. (Werner 1, 325) hōp(e)tal 'Satteldecke, Teppich'?

Comments and references : [Cf. Bur. Yas. ɣupáltiŋ `trousers'?] [If there are 2 roots in NC - cf. PST *bhǝ̆k 'garment'?]

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *q_ārṗV / *ṗārq_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: outerwear, fur-coat

Proto-Nakh: *bēq

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q:aba-

Proto-Lak: barq̇-ut

Proto-Dargwa: *ṗarq̇

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ap:a(r)čaj

Notes: A rather complicated case (as is usual with cultural words). First, we must for phonetic and semantic reasons dismiss the possibility of borrowing from Arab. ḳabāʔ 'langärmeliges Obergewand' (which, however, is also present in Tsezian languages: Bezht., Gunz. ḳaba, Gin. ḳoboj 'shirt'). Second, we must exclude interlingual borrowings: Arch. part:uq̇ 'fur-coat' from Lak. (barq̇ut, dial. bartuq̇ with metathesis); Lak. q:awaču ( < *q:abaču) from Avar or from Lezghian languages; some of the Andian forms also may be borrowed from Avar. Lezghian (Tab., Rut.) forms could be also considered as Avar loanwords. However, there are reasons to reconstruct the derivate *q_ārṗV-čV (or *-ćV) already for PEC, cf. Hurr. qurbiži 'garment worn under mail-coat or helm' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 18), which was borrowed in Akk. kurbisu, gurpisu. Thus the PL form *q̇ap:a(r)čaj may well be genuine (with a shift of laryngeal features usual for roots containing two or more stops).

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *bēq

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Chechen: beq

Ingush: beq

Comments: Obl. base *bēqa- (Chech. bēqa-, Ing. beqo). 4th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing.

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *q:aba-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Avar: q:abárča

Chadakolob: q:apača

Andian language: q:apa, q:apača

Akhvakh: q:āča

Chamalal: q:abača

Tindi: q:abača

Comments: Av. paradigm C (q:abčí-l, q:úrču-l). The simple stem is preserved only in And. (with an assimilation *-b- > -p-). All other languages reflect the derivate *q:abarča ( < *q:arba-ča). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Ratl. q:abača. Another PAA derivate is reflected in Av. q:abá-lu (-dul, q:abála-bi) 'women's outer garment', And. q:alabej ( < *q:aba-laj) 'a k. of outer garment', Cham. q:abala 'traditional women's garment').

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: barq̇-ut

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Lak form: barq̇ut

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *ṗarq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Akusha: ṗarq̇ (Kub.)

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ap:a(r)čaj

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Tabasaran: q̇abačej (Khaid)

Rutul: q:abačaj

Comment: See Хайдаков 1973, 93.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-comment,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVRPV

Meaning : bark, skin

Eurasiatic : *ḳVrṗV

Afroasiatic : *ḳʷi/arab-

Sino-Caucasian : *q_ārṗV

globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *ḳVrṗV

Meaning: bark

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *(s)krewǝp-

Kartvelian: Georg. ḳorṗ- 'bark of cork-oak'

References: ND 1186 *ḳoRuṗV 'bark of a tree, skin' (with incorr. Alt.).

nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-kart,nostret-reference,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *(s)krewǝp-

Meaning: rough, grainy; scab

Tokharian: A kärpi, B kärpiye 'common, raw, rough' (PT *kärpiye) (Adams 164)

Slavic: *krūpā́, *krūpьnъ(jь)

Baltic: *kraũp-u- adj., *krup- vb. intr., *kreûp-ia- (1) c., *kreup-ā̂ f., *krup- vb. intr.; *skrup-at-ā̂ f.

Germanic: *xriub-á- adj., *xriu[f]-ō f.; *xrū[f]-ia- n., *xrū[f]-ōn- f., *(ge-)xrub-á- adj.; *skruf=

Celtic: *kreuhanā > Cymr crawen `crusta', crawennu `incrustare', Corn crevan `Kruste', MBret krevenn `Kruste'

Russ. meaning: грубый, зернистый; струп, короста

References: WP I 481 f

piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: крупа́,

Near etymology: укр. крупа, ст.-слав. кроупа ψιχίον, болг. кру́пка "крошка", сербохорв. кру́па "крупа, град", словен. krúpa "перловая, ячневая крупа", чеш. kroupa "крупа, град", слвц. krúpa, польск., в.-луж. krupa, н.-луж. kšuра.

Further etymology: Родственно лтш. kraũpis "парша; жаба", kr̨aũpa "бородавка, струп", лит. kraupùs "шершавый, неровный", krùpis "жаба", nu-krùpęs "покрытый струпьями", лтш. krupis, krupe "жаба", krupt, kr̨upt, -ùрu "съеживаться, сморщиваться", лит. krùpti "паршиветь", krùpis "малыш", далее др.-исл. hriúfr "шершавый, в струпьях", др.-англ. hréof -- то же, возм., также лтш. krups "крохотный", skrupata "крошка", алб. kripë "соль", гег. krурё (см. Хен, Dаs Salz 23 и сл.; Г. Майер, Alb. Wb. 206); ср. М.--Э. 2, 292, 295; Буга, РФВ 71, 50; Бернекер 1, 630; Перссон 262; Френкель, ВSрr. 59; Шпехт, KZ 69, 133. Другая ступень чередования: кро́пкий "хрупкии, ломкий" (из *кръпъкъ).

Pages: 2,386

vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *kraũp-u- adj., *krup- vb. intr., *kreûp-ia- (1) c., *kreûp-ā̂, -iā̃ (1) f., *krup- vb. intr.; *skrup-at-ā̂ f.

Meaning: rough

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kraupù- 'rauh, uneben, struppig, zottig', krùpti (krum̃pa, krùpō) 'schorfig, grindig, räudig werden', dial. at-krùpinti 'herangekrochen kommen wie eine Kröte'; krùpis 'Kröte'

Lettish: kr̨aũpis 'Krätze, Pferdekrätze; Schorf, Grind; Art von Ausschlägen an Kartoffeln; unebene, rauhe Rinde; Kröte', kr̨aũpe 'Krätze fv Vieh; grobe, unebene Rinde'; kr̨aupa 'Grind der Pferde; Warze, Grind; Unebenheit auf der Kartoffel'; krupe 'Kröte (weiblich, nur zur Bezeichnung eines kleines, reizenden Mädchens); krupis, kr̨upis 'Kröte'; kr̨upt/krupt (-ùpu, -upu) 'grindig, räudig werden, verkümmern, zusammenschrumpfen, bersten, hocken, faulen', krups 'winzig' || skrupata 'Krümchen, Wenig'

baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *xriubá-, *xriu[f]ō; *xrū[f]ia-n, *xrū[f]ōn, *(ge-)xrubá-; *skruf=

Meaning: rough

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: hrjūf-r `uneben, rauh; schorfig', hrǖfi n. `Schorf', hrūfa f. `Wundkruste, Schorf'

Norwegian: rü `rauh', rjuva `nackter Felsrücken'; dial. ruva

Swedish: skroflig `uneben, rauh'; ruva

Old Danish: skrub `Unebenheit'

Danish: roe

Old English: hrēof

Old High German: ge-rob `grob, dick, tief tönend' (um 1000); (h)riob `aussätzig' (9.Jh.), hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf (8.Jh.) { pl. hruvi } `Schorf, Aussatz'

Middle High German: { gerop }; ruf(e) st./wk. f. 'schorf, aussatz', EaHG ruf(e) `Schorf, Aussatz' (15.Jh.)

German: bair. ruff f. `Kruste auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', bair., schweiz. rüfe, riefe `Aussatz, Schorf'

germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 1042

Root: kreup-

English meaning: scab

German meaning: `Schorf, sich verkrusten'

Material: Gall. cruppellarii `gepanzerte Gladiatoren der Aedui', brit. Mons Graupius (leg. *Croupios), wegen des idg. p veneto-illyr. Herkunft (Pokorny Urillyr. 131);

aisl. hrjūfr `rauh, schorfig', hrȳfe `Schorf', hrūfa `Wundrinde', ags. hrēof `rauh, schorfig, aussätzig', ahd. riob `aussätzig', hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, mhd. ruf `Blatter, Schorf, Grind, Aussatz', nhd. bair. ruff f. `Kruste auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', rüfe, riefe `Aussatz, Schorf', ahd. ge-rob, nhd. grob;

lit. su-si-kraũpti `zusammenschauern', nu-krùpęs `schorfig', kraupùs `rauh', lett. kŕaũpa `Grind, Warze', kŕaũpis `Grind; Kröte' (von der warzigen Haut; apr. crupeyle `Frosch'), kŕū̀pu, kŕupu, kŕupt `verschrumpfen', krupis `Kröte, Zwerg'; vom Rauhwerden der Haut (`Gänsehaut') auch lit. pakraũpti, kruptis `schaudern, erschrecken'.

Dagegen russ. krúpnyj `grobkörnig; groß', čech. krupý `rudis' zunächst zu abg. krupa `Brocken, Krümchen', usw. [dazu ablautend alb. krip(ë), krüp f. `Salz' (*krūpā)]; diese Sippe wohl eigentl. `Abgebrochenes' oder dgl. zu kreu-3, krou-s- `brechen, stoßen', s. dort.

References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.

Pages: 623

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷi/arab-

Meaning: bark, skin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳʷirb-at- 'skin' 1, 'leather bag or basket' 2

Central Chadic: *kwalab- (<*ḳwarab-?) 'bark'

East Chadic: *kilab- (<*kirab-?) 'skin'

Beḍauye (Beja): kurbe 'skin'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kwarb- (?) 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2

Omotic: *ḳurub- 'bark'

Notes: Cf. *ḳʷirap- 'bark'.

afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-bed,afaset-agw,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,

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Semitic etymology :

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Number: 2594

Proto-Semitic: *ḳʷirb-at-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin' 1, 'leather bag or basket' 2

Arabic: ḳirbat- 2 ('grande outre à lait ou à eau faite d'une seule peau cousue au milieu') BK 2 704

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ḳʷǝrbābit 2 ('leather bag') LGz 440 ("probably reconstructed from Amh ḳʷǝrbabičča")

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ḳwǝrbät 1

Amharic: ḳorbät 1, ḳäräbbō 2 ('corbeille tressée avec le cuir de la tête du boeuf') Baet

semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-gzz,semet-tgy,semet-amh,

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *kwalab- (<*ḳwarab-?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bark'

Mandara=Wandala: kwàlàbàa

Notes: In Mandara group, l may originate from *r, and *ḳ yeilds *k.

cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mnd,cchet-notes,

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East Chadic etymology :

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Proto-EChadic: *kilab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin'

Lele: kīlābá [Grg]

echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-lle,

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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :

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Bedauye: kurbe

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin'

bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,

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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

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Proto-Agaw: *kwarb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2

Khamta: kerbir 2

Qwara: korbē 1

Qemant: kʷɔrɛvɛ 1

agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-xmt,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,

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Omotic etymology :

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Proto-Omotic: *ḳurub-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bark'

Ometo: ḳurubi SIFKJa 67

Male: ḳurubi Fl

omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-ome,omoet-mle,

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