North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=HiʁwE(r)

Meaning: to beat

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=uʁ- / *ʁur-

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁ:ẽʁ:-

Proto-Lak: ʁa=ʁa-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔVʁI(ʷ)V ( ~ -q:-)

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁ́IʷV

Notes: A common NC root; sometimes reduplicated (as in PTs and Lak). Correspondences are regular except for the PTs nasalisation, which has an obscure origin.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=uʁ- / *ʁur-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to hit 2 to break up, crush

Avar: ʁur- 2

Chamalal: =uʁ- 1

Tindi: =uʁ- 1,ʁurij- 2

Godoberi: =uʁ- 1

Comments: As in many other verbal roots, two stems are represented: stem I *=uʁ- and stem II *ʁu-r-.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁ:ẽʁ:- B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to beat, forge 2 to crush, grind

Tsezi: ʁiʁ- 2

Ginukh: ʁeʁ- 2

Gunzib: hẽh- 1

Comments: PTsKh *ʁǝʁ-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ʁa=ʁa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to break

Lak form: ʁa=ʁa-n

Comments: G. pr. ʁa=ʁu-n. Cf. Khosr. ʁa=ʁa-n id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔVʁI(ʷ)V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to beat, hit 2 to break

Tabasaran: u=ʁI- 2

Udi: duʁ-sun 1

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. u=ʁI- 'to break'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁ́IʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to beat 2 to beat up, whip

Abkhaz: a-ʕʷ-ra 2

Abaza: ʕʷ-ra 2

Adyghe: wa-n 1

Kabardian: wa-n 1

Comments: PAT *ʕʷǝ; PAK *wa. The AK root is compared by Dumézil (1971,158-159) with Ub. ja-, but the correspondence AK *w : Ub. j is irregular (whereas PAT *ʕʷ : PAK *w is normal and points to PWC *ʁ́Iʷ).

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