North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣EnχV(n)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to search, ask

Proto-Nakh: *χāṭṭ-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣iχ:Vn-

Proto-Lak: c̣u=χ:i-

Proto-West Caucasian: *[ć̣]ǝʁa-

Notes: The cognateship of the EC and WC forms seems quite probable, although in PWC we must assume a secondary voicing (-χ- > -ʁ-). The PN form is metathesized: *χāṭṭ- < *χānc̣- < *c̣ānχ- (probably with a secondary length, because other languages suggest rather a short vowel). All these irregularities are explained by the exceptional root structure *CVRCV, very rare for verbs.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *χāṭṭ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ask

Chechen: χatt-

Ingush: χatt-

Batsbi: χaṭṭ-

Comments: The PN length is established on basis of forms like Chech. pret. χätti-ra and Ing. pres. χɔtt, pret. χätta-d. The durative stem is *χēṭṭ- > Chech., Ing. χett-, Bacb. χeṭṭ-.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣iχ:V(n)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to search 2 to ask

Avar: c̣eχ:é- 1,2

Tindi: c̣iχ:ĩ- 1

Karata: c̣eχ:- 1

Comments: In Av. Chad. cf. perhaps c̣oχ- 'to count' (normally č̣- would be expected, but initial *c̣- was probably assimilated and transformed to c̣:- > Chad. c̣-).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: c̣u=χ:i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ask

Lak form: c̣u=χ:i-n

Comments: G. pr. c̣u=χ:unu. From Old Lak. the form was borrowed into Archi: Arch. c̣iχ:ǝ-kes 'to ask' - which shows that the original vowel in Lak. was -i-, and -u- appeared probably because of interaction with class infixes.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *[ć̣]ǝʁa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ask

Abkhaz: a-c̣ā-rá

Abaza: c̣ʕa-ra

Ubykh: ʒʁa-

Comments: PAT *ć̣ǝʕa- (cf. Bzyb. a-ć̣ā-rá); Ub. sǝ-ʒʁá-n. The word is obviously connected with EC forms like Av. c̣eχ:é-ze etc., thus a hissing Anlaut is probable for PWC. We may assume that Ub. ʒʁa- is a modification of *ʒ́ʁa- (since Ub. ʒ́ does not occur in any consonant clusters), which, in its turn, is assimilated from *ć̣(ǝ)ʁa-.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣änχV̆́

Meaning: to search, ask

North Caucasian: *c̣EnχV(n)

Sino-Tibetan: *chĕŋH

Yenisseian: *saŋ-

Basque: *e=sagu-

Comments and references : HGC 37, BCD 12.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chĕŋH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: invite, ask

Chinese: 請 *cheŋʔ request, invite; ask.

Tibetan: gceŋ to invite.

Kiranti: *sìŋ

Chinese characters :

Character: 請

Modern (Beijing) reading: qǐng

Preclassic Old Chinese: sheŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: shéŋ

Western Han Chinese: shéŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: shjéŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: shjéŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjéŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: shjéŋ

Middle Chinese: chjéŋ

English meaning : to invite, ask, request [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) просить, обращаться с просьбой; пожалуйста!; пожелать (напр. здоровья); 2) пригласить; принимать (гостей); 3) позвольте!; с Вашего разрешения; 4) навестить, сделать визит; 5) спрашивать; 6) объявлять; 7) рел. приобретать, брать, держать (о предметах культа); [qíng] 1) разг. принять, получить; 2) стар. чувство, вм. 情

Comments: Also read *ʒ(h)eŋs, MC ʒjèŋ, Mand. qìng (with irregular q-) 'name of a season (autumn)' [Han].

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 149

Four-angle index: 3604

Karlgren code: 0812 |k ́

Vietnamese reading: thi`nh

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2069

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 請

MC description : 梗開三上靜清

ZIHUI: 6153 2584

Beijing: ćhiŋ 2

Jinan: ćhiŋ 2

Xi'an: ćhiŋ 2

Taiyuan: ćhiŋ 2

Hankou: ćhin 2

Chengdu: ćhin 2

Yangzhou: ćhĩ 2

Suzhou: chin 2

Wenzhou: cheŋ 21

Changsha: chin 2

Shuangfeng: ćhin 2

Nanchang: ćhin 2 (lit.); ćhiaŋ 2

Meixian: chiaŋ 2

Guangzhou: čhîŋ 21

Xiamen: chîŋ 2 (lit.); chiã 2

Chaozhou: ciã 21

Fuzhou: chiŋ 2 (lit.); chiaŋ 2

Shanghai: chiŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: chiǝŋ 2

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *sìŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: ask

Kaling: sunä (siŋu) ask, interrogate

Limbu: sindomā ask

Dumi: siŋnɨ

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: se:ndo:maʔ, se:n-do:s-/se:n-do:-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: ask someone

Derivation: [*se:n inquiry]

Comments: se:n-gɛ-n-do:s-u-n-ni:? (ask-2-NEG-ask-3P-NEG-Q) Aren't you going to ask him?; cf. na:kmaʔ.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: siNnɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vt-1 siN

Meaning: ask, inquire

Nepali: sodhnu.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *saŋ-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to search

Ket: śaŋbɛt⁶ / śaŋbɛŕǝŋ⁵, Bak., Sur. śaŋbɛdǝŋ⁵

Yug: sáŋ-aχɛsaŋ 'um zu suchen', sáŋ-bet́, sáŋ-taχ, sáŋ-tet́ 'erfahren' (Werner 2, 158, 159)

Comments: ССЕ 270. Werner 2, 158, 159, 181.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=sagu-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to know (conocer, connaitre)

Bizkaian: ezagu-tu, ezau-tu, (arc) ezaun

Gipuzkoan: ezagu-tu

High Navarrese: ezagu-tu, zagu-tu

Low Navarrese: ezagu-tu

Salazarese: ezagu-tu

Lapurdian: ezagu-tu, zagu-tu

Baztanese: ezagu-tu

Aezkoan: ezagu-tu

Zuberoan: ezágü-tü

Roncalese: ezagu-tu

Comments: Trask (1997) posits an original form *ezagun, still used as the adjective 'familar, well-known'.

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