North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *riƛ_(w)e

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brass; gold

Proto-Lak: duk-ni

Proto-Lezghian: *jiʎ:ʷa

Proto-West Caucasian: *ƛ́ǝ ( ~ ƛ́:-)

Notes: The root is not very widely spread, but seems both phonetically and semantically quite reliable. It is interesting to note the Ossetian word for 'brass': Osset. ärxʷǝ / ärxi, as well as its Fenno-Ugric names: Komi yrgön, Udm. yrgon, Mar. vörgene, Mans. ärgin (comparison of the Osset. and Fenno-Ugric forms see in Abayev 1958, 186; he does not, however, mention Caucasian forms).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: duk-ni

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brass

Lak form: duk-ni

Comments: Cf. Khosr. dukni id. Originally a plural form; without the suffix -ni the root is attested in the old Archi loanword: Arch. duk 'brass, copper'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *jiʎ:ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brass, copper

Tabasaran: jif

Agul: if

Tsakhur: jux:ʷa

Comment: 4th class in Tsakh. Cf. also Tab. Düb. jif:i, Ulz. jif:, Ag. Fit., Burk. if, Bursh. if:. In Tab. jif is the literary form; the Kand. dialect has jirf with secondary -r- (probably under influence of the erg. stem jif-ru > jirfru). Note that in the printed version of the MSU recordings the Düb. form is also cited as jirf - which is obviously a mistake (the correct form is jif:i, plur. jif:-ar).

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 240.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ƛ́ǝ ( ~ ƛ́:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gold

Abkhaz: a-χ́ǝ́

Abaza: χ́a-pš́

Comments: PAT *x́ǝ (in Abaz. a compound with -pš́ 'red'; cf. also Abaz. χ́ǝ-j 'jeweller' = Abkh. a-χ́íj, χ́ǝ-š 'goldish').

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *réƛwV (*HérƛwV)

Meaning: a k. of metal

North Caucasian: *riƛ_(w)e

Yenisseian: *ʔe(ʔ)χV (~h-)

Comments and references : Not quite reliable: the PY form may in fact be an Iranism ( < *aixa-). Cf. also PAA (NMK) *sri:l 'gold'?

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔeχV (~h-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: iron

Ket: ē; (Сл.) eg

Yug: e / ej; eg ɛ:hŋ⁴ "chain" (probably = eg āŋ "iron string")

Pumpokol: ag (Сл.) "iron, steel"

Comments: ССЕ 189. The Ablaut stem *ʔaχV is probably reflected in compounds *ʔaχV-des > Ket. āŕeś¹, Bak., Sur. ādeś¹, Yug. ades¹ "(iron) nail" (lit. "iron eye") [Werner 1, 60 analyzes as aʔt 'bone' + iʔs 'peg' which is quite strange semantically]; *ʔaχV-čis "file" > Ket. atiś⁵ / atīś¹, pl. atiśǝŋ⁵ / ātiśǝŋ¹, Yug. ačis⁵, pl. ačisɨŋ⁵, Kott. ašiš, pl. ašīčŋ(n) (lit. "iron stone"); *ʔaχV-tVp 'tongs' (see *tVp, lit. "iron tongs"). Werner 1, 77, 271 <*egǝ>.

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