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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *(a)č:ʷV
Meaning: 1 word, speech 2 to say,speak 3 to take oath,swear
Abkhaz: áž̌a 1
Abaza: ažʷa 1
Kabardian: žǝ-ʡa- 2
Ubykh: čǝ-q̇á- 3
Comments: PAT *azʷa (cf. Bzyb. áža); Ub. sǝ-č(ǝ)q̇á-n (used also as a noun: čǝq̇a 'oath'). The PAT root is also used in a compound *cʷa-zʷa- 'to speak' (see under *c:ʷa-). In PAK *č́:- would be expected, but only the Kab. form is known (Kab. ž can go back to PAK *č́:, *č:, *ǯ́). Still, the exact parallelism between Kab. žǝʡa- and Ub. čǝq̇a- (where the second part goes back to *q̇́Ia- 'say' q.v.) makes this etymology quite plausible. The comparison of Kab. žǝ-ʡa- and Abkh. áž̌a was first proposed by Mészaros (1934, 308), who also compared Ub. maśa 'word' which is impossible for phonetic reasons. See Shagirov 1, 198.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *hć̣wālō ( ~ -ǝ̄-, -ǝ̄)
Meaning: voice, sound, word
Proto-West Caucasian: *č:ʷV Notes: The EC-WC comparison is quite satisfactory both phonetically and semantically.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʔāc̣ ( ~ ɦ-, -ʒ)
Meaning: voice, sound
Chechen: az
Ingush: ɔz
Comments: 3d class in Chech., 4th class in Ing. Obl. base *ʔāc̣u- (Chech. ōza-, Ing. ɔzo), whence secondarily the vowel in the Ing. direct base.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: č̣u
Meaning: voice, sound
Lak form: č̣u
Comments: There also exists a synonymous č̣uḳa (Khosr. č̣uḳa) id. - historically a diminutive.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *č̣a
Meaning: voice, sound
Chiragh: č̣a
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *č̣al:
Meaning: speech, language, word
Lezghian: č̣al
Tabasaran: č̣al
Agul: č̣al
Rutul: č̣äl
Kryz: č̣el
Budukh: č̣el
Archi: č̣at
Comment: 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. In Arch. cf. the conjunctive form č̣at:-u (for demonstrating tense -t: < *-l:). The obl. base can be reconstructed as *č̣ol:a- (cf. Rut. č̣ílɨ-, Kryz. č̣il-; with vowel levelling - Lezg. č̣ala-, Ag. č̣ala(j)-). See Талибов 1980, 301.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *h[ć̣]wālōL
Meaning: to speak, sound
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ć(h)er ( / -l)
Meaning: noise
Tibetan: ćal noise.
Burmese: ći be loud, ća be abrupt, as a sound.
Lushai: čiar make a noise.
Lepcha: čól to be in uproar, commotion, to be noisy, to be turbulent, to be tumultuous
Comments: Cf. Jnp. (H) šai be noisy.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,
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