South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *||ṵ́

Stems : *||ṵ́-a

Meaning : dry

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ||ṵ́a (kV)

|Nu//en : ||ko "warm"

!Xoong derivates : ||ṵ́a (ń) "dry (intr.)"

References : Bleek 581; Traill 106.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 56

Proto-Bushman : *!̯₁kxa̰u

Meaning : dry

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯xʼau

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀṵ́

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀ[kx]o

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *!̯xʼau

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: dry

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !xʼáú "be dry, be stiff (of one's muscles)" // (n5 -si) "dryness, drought"; !xʼáú-á "to be empty"; !xʼáú-!xʼáú ~ !xʼá-!xʼá "to dry off"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !xʼeu

!Kung (Lloyd) : !̯áo ~ ǀǀắo ~ ǀǀào ~ ǀǀxʼắo ~ ǀǀxʼáo

!Kung (Doke): !̯ʼau

!Kung (Vedder): xʼáo

Kavango : ǀǀxʼáo

Tsumkwe : !xʼáu

Tsintsabis : ǀǀxʼáo

Okongo : ǀǀxʼáo

Leeunes : !xʼào

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀxʼáo

Cuito : ǀǀxʼáo

Cuando : ǀǀxʼáo

South Omatako : !xʼào

North Omatako : !xʼáu

Kameeldoring : !xʼáu

Lister : !xʼáu

References : Bleek 119, 470, 505, 558, 603; Dickens 314; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 55; Snyman 1997: 92.

RefLex number: 2302

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *||[kx]o

Meaning : dry

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ||kŏ, ||kō, ||kō_, ||k"ō_́, ||k"ō_wà (B.); ||kō, ||kō_, ||kò (Ll.)

//Ng : k"ō

N|huki : ||oo, ||oo-a, ||oo-ǝ

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||kō "thirsty"

|Auni : ||k"om "dry"

References : Bleek 581, 606, 607; Bleek 1929: 35; NFn.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *||XU

Meaning : dry

Proto-Bushman : *!̯₁kxa̰u

Proto-Khoe : *||xó

Sandawe : *||oka

Hadza : *||ʔape (?)

Notes : All the supposed links are genetic, but the Hadza form in particular is quite dubious.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *||xó

Meaning : dry

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *||xo

West Khoe : *||xó

East Khoe : *||xó

References : Vossen 498.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *||xo

Meaning : harsh

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ||khō "dangerous; strict, harsh; severe (of drought)"

!Ora : ||xọ̄ "widerwärtig, ärgerlich sein"

References : Haacke 88; Meinhof 119.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *||xó

Meaning : dry

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ||xó

Buga : ||xǒ

Naro : ||koʔe "to dry" (Ba.)

|Gwi : ||xó

//Gana : ||xó

#Haba : ||xó

References : Barnard 137; Vossen 498.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *||xó

Meaning : dry

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Deti : ||xǒ

Tsixa : ||xó

Danisi : ||xó

References : Vossen 498.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *||oka

Meaning : dry season

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : ||'o_ká (D.); ||òk̥á (E.); ||oka (K.); ||`okà (Kim.)

References : Dempwolff 41; Elderkin 1998: 27; Kagaya 78; Kimmenade 65.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *||ʔape

Meaning : dry

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : ||ape (B.); ||ʔape (S.)

References : Sands.

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