Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ɡ|àná

Meaning : leaf; grass

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *|ã

West Khoe : *ɡ|àná

East Khoe : *ɡ|àná

References : Baucom 20; Vossen 424-5.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *|ã

Meaning : grass

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : |gâ-b

!Ora : |ã-b; |kam̃ (Wu.)

References : Haacke 59; Rust 10; Meinhof 95; Wuras 26.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ɡ|àná

Meaning : leaf

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ɡ|ã̂

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ɡ|ã̀ã́; ɡ|ã̌ (Kö.)

|Ganda : ɡ|ã̌

Naro : g|ana (Ba.)

|Gwi : dâ̰na, ʒâ̰na (Na.); dana (Ta.)

//Gana : ɡ|ánà; dâ̰na (Na.); dana (Ta.)

References : Barnard 47; KH; Nakagawa 1998: 249; Tanaka 56; Vossen 424-5.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *ɡ|àná

Meaning : leaf

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : ɡ|ànà

Deti : ɡ|ã̌

Cara : ɡ|àná

Tsixa : ɡ|àná

Danisi : ɡ|àná

Hietshware : |gana

References : Dornan 94; Vossen 424-5.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ɡ|a

Meaning : leaf

Proto-Bushman : *ɡ|ana

Proto-Khoe : *|gàná

Sandawe : *|ā

Hadza : *c̣a (?)

Notes : A good example of a "primordial click" root, and also one which convincingly matches across both Peripheral Khoisan and Khoe as well as Sandawe without looking like a borrowing due to non-trivial correspondences. The Hadza word, as usual, is less easy to be aligned along with the rest of the forms for both phonetic and semantic reasons.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 115

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǀana

Meaning : leaf

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ǀãũ^h/*ǀŋ (?)

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɡǀāna

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Notes : The Zhu root is dubious (although various permutations of the final segment -VnV are possible); in any case, the SK root has excellent parallels in CK. Contaminations with *ɡǀa̰-[nV/Vn] 'green' are also possible; in fact, it is not excluded that both eventually go back to the same root.

North Khoisan etymology :

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ɡ|āna

Meaning : leaf

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ɡ|āna 2 n I, pl. -tê 2 n I

Masarwa : |gana

References : Bleek 275; Traill 57.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *|ā

Meaning : leaf

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : |`a (D.); |aa (K.); |`aa (Kim.); g|aá, |aá (TBW)

References : Kagaya 33; Dempwolff 39; Kimmenade 63; TBW 307.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *hac̣a

Meaning : leaf

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : hatsápe "leaf", hišepe "leaves" (B.); ha-ts'a (E.); háts'aphi (S.); háts'a-phìphì "leaves" (Tc.)

Notes : Given the very frequent connection 'ear' <> 'leaf' in African languages, it is hard to separate these forms from (ha)-šʔapič̣i 'ear'. The latter, in fact, looks like a suffixal derivative from the former with subsequent assimilation: *hac̣a-pi- + *-č̣i > *hac̣apič̣i > *hašʔapič̣i. On the other hand, this would presuppose that 'ear' is semantically derived from 'leaf', when normally the reverse would be expected. Yet it also may be that *hac̣a- was originally 'ear' as well as 'leaf', and the suffixal extension was a later addition.

References : Bleek 58, 61; Elderkin; Fleming 176; Tucker.

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