Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ʒ́o[a]

Meaning : ashes

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǂoa

Proto-Khoe : *ɡǂóà

Sandawe : *c̣uc̣u

Hadza : *c̣o

Notes : Possibly two different roots after all (the few existing examples where the Khoe/Bushman palatal click can be correlated with Sandawe data involve dental stops rather than affricates in Sandawe).

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 6

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǂoa

Meaning : ashes

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡǀǀoa

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂòa

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *ɡǂoʔa (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Inclusion of the ǂHoan parallel is dubious because of semantics and an unclear glottal stop. Note that at least some forms may have been borrowed from Central Khoisan (Zhuǀ'hoan ɡǂoah "soap" is most certainly one of these).

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀoa

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: ashes

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂȍȁʰ (n3) "soap"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂóä ~ ɡǂwá

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂoaa

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǂwà

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂòá

Notes : Ekoka has ɡǀǀȍhà "ash", which does not correspond to these forms very well, but should be noted nevertheless.

References : Bleek 647, 649; Dickens 208; KH 132; Snyman 1980: 33; Weich 20.

RefLex number: 377

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂòa

Meaning : ashes

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ɡǂòa 3 II

Masarwa : ||gwā

References : Bleek 536; Traill 134.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *ɡǂoʔa

Meaning : to kindle (fire)

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : ɡǂoʔoa (CF)

References : Cornell Files.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ɡǂóà

Meaning : ashes; clay, mud

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *ǂoa

West Khoe : *ɡǂóà

East Khoe : *ʒ́óà

Notes : Baucom: Buka ǂʔoo, Kx'am ||õã, ǂ'Oxoku ɡǂoa.

References : Baucom 24; Vossen 417.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *ǂoa

Meaning : clay, mud

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ǂgoa-b

!Ora : ǂòàs; ǂkòab (Wu.)

References : Haacke 116; Meinhof 104; Rust 132; Wuras 15.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ɡǂóà

Meaning : ashes

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ɡǂóà

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ɡǂoá; |ē gŏā (W.) [said to be Tsaukwe but hardly so]

Buga : ɳǂòá

|Ganda : ɳǂòà

|Gwi : ɡǂúà; ǂdóa (Ta.)

//Gana : ɡǂóà; ǂdóa (Ta.)

Notes : Nasal efflux in Buga and |Ganda due to contamination with *ɳǂu "black"?

References : Bleek 47; KH; Tanaka 6; Vossen 417.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *ʒ́óà

Meaning : ashes

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : ʒ́óá

Cara : ʒ́òà

Tsixa : dyúà

Danisi : dyúà

Kua : ʒ́óá

Tsua : ʒ́ùá

Hietshware : ǯoaa

References : Dornan 98; Vossen 417.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *c̣uc̣u

Meaning : ember, coal

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : ts'uts'uṅ (D.); tsʔútsʔū́^ŋ (E.); ts'uts'un (K.); ts'uts'u (Kim.); ts'üts'ü (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 53; Elderkin 1983: 509; Kagaya 104; Kimmenade 59; TBW 305.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *c̣o

Meaning : ashes; fire

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : ts'ɔko "ashes, firewood, fire" (B.); hots'o "ash" (E.); ɦóts'ó- "ashes" (S.); ts'ok'o- "fire" (S.); hóts'ò-kò "ash" (Tc.), ts'o-ko "fire" (Tc.)

Notes : It is possible to separate a root *c̣o with derivatives *ho-c̣o 'ashes' and *c̣o-ko 'fire'.

References : Bleek 219; Elderkin; Sands 186, 187; Tucker.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ʒ́o[a]

Meaning : ashes

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǂoa

Proto-Khoe : *ɡǂóà

Sandawe : *c̣uc̣u

Hadza : *c̣o

Notes : Possibly two different roots after all (the few existing examples where the Khoe/Bushman palatal click can be correlated with Sandawe data involve dental stops rather than affricates in Sandawe).

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