Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ma|ʔa

Meaning : louse

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂʷV̯

Sandawe : *māŋ|ʔa

Hadza : *|ʔamac̣i

Notes : See Ehret 1986: 123. The Sandawe and Hadza forms may give a clue as to why the reflexes of this root in Bushman sometimes feature a labial click. The entire root is a perfect illustration of secondary click-forming mechanisms in Khoisan languages.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 129

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂʷV̯

Meaning : louse

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɳǂaˤ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɳʘV̰

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ɳʘU

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ǀʰi

Tonal pattern: HH

Meaning: rhinoceros

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ǀʰáí (n2) // ǀʰáí-ɳǀȁˤʔàrò (n2) "scarab beetle"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxiː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀʰì

Tsumkwe : ǀʰái

Tsintsabis : ǀʰí

Okongo : ǀʰí

Leeunes : ǀʰí

South Omatako : ǀʰái

North Omatako : ǀʰái

Lister : ǀʰái

References : Bleek 313, 365; Dickens 289; Snyman 1997: 85.

RefLex number: 1812

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ɳʘV̰

Meaning : louse

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ɳʘṵ̃́ 1 e II, pl. ɳʘã̀-tê 4 u II

!Xoong derivates : dim. ɳʘṵ̀u-mà, ɳʘṵ̃̀ ʘàa 2 II, pl. ɳʘã̰̀-nî, ɳʘã̰̀-tê ʘʔâni 2 II; ǂqháʔji ɳʘṵ̃́ "praying mantids"

References : Traill 51.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ɳʘU

Stems : *ɳʘú-ẽ

Meaning : louse

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ʘmu̥iṅ (B., Ll.); ʘmoë́n (B.)

//Ng : ʘmoinja

N|huki : mʘui, mʘoe

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ʘŋe-zi (LH)

References : Bleek 683; \X<1.144>NFn\x.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *māŋ|ʔa

Meaning : louse

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : man|'a (D.); maang'|ʔa (K.); má|'a (Kim.); máá^ŋts'à^ŋ, mã|ʔã (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 48; Kagaya 94; Kimmenade 48; TBW 305, 307.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *|ʔamac̣i

Meaning : louse

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : |ʔámáts'ì (E.); ŋ|ʔámats'i-ya-kho (S.); |ʔámáts'ì-ko (Tc.)

References : Ehret 1986: 123; Tucker.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ma|ʔa

Meaning : louse

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂʷV̯

Sandawe : *māŋ|ʔa

Hadza : *|ʔamac̣i

Notes : See Ehret 1986: 123. The Sandawe and Hadza forms may give a clue as to why the reflexes of this root in Bushman sometimes feature a labial click. The entire root is a perfect illustration of secondary click-forming mechanisms in Khoisan languages.

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