Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ƛV

Meaning : to die

Proto-Bushman : *ƛe / *ƛa

Proto-Khoe : *cà

Sandawe : *ƛā-si

Notes : Originally the Khoe part of the etymology included *||ʔo 'to die', but if this is really another example of an initial lateral non-click consonant in Proto-Khoisan, a hissing affricate reflex in Khoe would be expected.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 51

Proto-Bushman : *ƛe / *ƛa

Meaning : to die

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯e [pl. *!̯ao]

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ƛâ-

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *šĩ

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : A lone example of possible *ƛ- in Taa.

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *!̯e [pl. *!̯ao]

Tonal pattern: HH [j] - LL [j]

Meaning: to die

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !áí, pl. !àò // !áí-sì, pl. !àò-sì (n5) "corpse"; !áí-sí (n5 -si) "death, place of death"; !àò-à-šé-sì (n1) "bodies, sick people"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ei

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǂéː ~ ǂéí ~ ǂí ~ !eː ~ !eːi, pl. ǂau

!Kung (Lloyd) : !̯à ~ ǀǀé ~ ǀǀè, pl. !̯áo ~ ǀǀau

!Kung (Doke): !̯ai

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀǀe, pl. ǀǀau

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀǀái

Kavango : ǀǀáo (pl.)

Notes : Strange choice of the palatal click in ǀǀAuǀǀen.

References : Bleek 419, 470, 506, 561, 566, 658, 662; Dickens 309, 310, 311; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 21; Snyman 1980: 36.

RefLex number: 2213

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ƛâ-

Stems : *ƛâ-i

Meaning : to kill

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : qâi -sà qaJV H

Masarwa : ||ā; ||k"ai 'to kill by a blow on the head'

|Nu//en : ||kwannako

!Xoong derivates : qáji ||ʔábi "to play the stick game"; qáje |qʔàn "lit. to kill the heart, i.e. to worry"; qáńa |ʔã̀ "to strike a light"

References : Bleek 597, 602; Bleek 1929: 50; Traill 177.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *šĩ

Meaning : to die

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : cin (C.); šĩ́ (G.); šē, sã, sī̂ (T.)

References : Collins 2001: 472; Gruber 1975: 6; Traill 1973: 29.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *cà

Meaning : to be ill

West Khoe : *cà

East Khoe : *cà

References : Vossen 459.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *cà

Meaning : to be ill

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : cǎ

Kxoe (Hukwe) : tçǎ (Kö.)

Buga : câ

|Ganda : cà

Naro : cà (V.); tsàà (Ba.)

|Gwi : cǎ; tsâ (Ta.)

//Gana : cà; tsâ (Ta.)

References : Barnard 143; Tanaka 50; Vossen 459.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *cà

Meaning : to be ill

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Kua : cà

Tsua : câ

References : Vossen 459.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *ƛā-si

Meaning : death, to die

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : t_asi (D.); tlaasi (K.); tlasi (Kim.); tlaás, tlaásʔò (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 53; Kagaya 102; Kimmenade 56; TBW 303.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ƛV

Meaning : to die

Proto-Bushman : *ƛe / *ƛa

Proto-Khoe : *cà

Sandawe : *ƛā-si

Notes : Originally the Khoe part of the etymology included *||ʔo 'to die', but if this is really another example of an initial lateral non-click consonant in Proto-Khoisan, a hissing affricate reflex in Khoe would be expected.

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