Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bij-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sharp edge, knife

Russian meaning: острый край, нож

Old Turkic: bi (OUygh.)

Khakassian: pi-ze- 'to whet, sharpen'

Yakut: bī

Dolgan: bī

Comments: EDT 291, VEWT 75, Лексика 398, 399-400, Stachowski 61.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ŭ̀bi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to mince, saw

Russian meaning: крошить, пилить

Turkic: *bij-

Mongolian: *(h)üji-

Tungus-Manchu: *pubu-

Korean: *pjàpắi-

Japanese: *piwa-

Comments: Correspondences are basically regular, with the following comments: in Turkic one has to suppose secondary delabialization *bij- < *büj- ( < *büb-); the Kor. form pjàpắi- must be denominative, derived from a noun *pjàpắ- < *pibV-pu- < *pi̯ubi-p`u- ( = PTM *pubu-pu-). Cf. *p`i̯ṑpo: the two roots are sometimes hard to distinguish.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bij-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sharp edge, knife

Russian meaning: острый край, нож

Old Turkic: bi (OUygh.)

Khakassian: pi-ze- 'to whet, sharpen'

Yakut: bī

Dolgan: bī

Comments: EDT 291, VEWT 75, Лексика 398, 399-400, Stachowski 61.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *(h)üji-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to crush, pulverize

Russian meaning: ломать на мелкие куски, крошить

Written Mongolian: üi-le-, üi-re- (L 1001)

Khalkha: üjre-

Buriat: üjre-

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pubu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to saw 2 saw

Russian meaning: 1 пилить 2 пила

Evenki: huwu- 1, hūwun 2

Even: hụ̄-na-

Negidal: xo-

Literary Manchu: fufu- 1, fufun 2

Ulcha: pụ̄- 1, pụpụ(n) 2

Orok: pụpụ-la-, pụ̄pụ(n) 2

Nanai: pō- 1, popõ 2

Oroch: xū 2

Udighe: xu 2

Solon: ōgĩ, ụ̄gĩ 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 336. The existing form reflect the verbal stem *pubu- and the derived noun *pubu-pu(n) (with some later confusion because of the loss of *-b-).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pjàpắi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to mince, rub (in hands)

Russian meaning: крошить, растирать (в руках)

Modern Korean: pibi-

Middle Korean: pjàpắi-

Comments: Liu 374, KED 854.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *piwa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to mince, cut into small slices

Russian meaning: размельчать, резать на мелкие куски

Old Japanese: pjiwa-

Comments: JLTT 688.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *pVxwV

Meaning: sharp, to whet

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *spēy- (sph-)

Altaic: *pi̯ŭ̀bi

Uralic: *py:[ɣ]V (Coll. 49) (ND *pije)

Kartvelian: *pxa-

Comments: [For PIE cf. also PA *si̯ṓp`ì - but for the latter cf. also PK *ćkip-, Slav. *šipъ]

References: МССНЯ 352-353. Cf. ND 1652 *P_[i]ʔV 'point, blade, sharp edge' (Turk. + incorr. Jap.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *spēy- (sph-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: prickle, pointed stick

Tokharian: A dat. spinae `Haken, Pflock'; B ṣpikiye 'crutch' (Adams 667)

Old Indian: sphyá- n. `a flat piece of wood shaped like a sword for ritual purposes; spar or boom (of ship's sails); a k. of oar'

Armenian: phkhin `Pfeil, Wurfspiess'

Old Greek: spílo-s f.; spilás, -ádos `Fels, Riff', sphḗn, gen. sphēn-ós m. `Keil'; sphaníon = klinídion, en sphaníōi̯ = en klinaríōi̯ Hsch.

Slavic: *spīljā `большая игла, шпилька': чеш. spíle, польск. śpila

Baltic: *spī-l-ia- c., *spī-l-ā̂, -iā̃ f., *spai-dl-ia-, *spei-dl-ia-, *spī-dl-iac., *spī-dl-iā̃ f.; *spi-t-ul-iā̃ f., *spī̂-n-ā̂ (2), spī̂-n-iā̃ (2) f.

Germanic: *spi-t-ō(n-) f., *spi-t=, *spi-t-ja-; *spi-n-Vl=; *spī-l-a- m., -ō f.; *spi-l=; *spī-k-a- m., *spai-k-an- m., *spi-k-ō f.; *spī-r=, *spī́-x-ō(n-) f.; *spē-n-u- c.

Latin: spīca f.; spīcus, -ī m.; spīcum, -ī n. `Ähre', spīculum, spīcula `Lanzenspitze'

Russ. meaning: колючка, остроконечная деревяжка

References: WP II 652 f

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *spī-l-ia- c., *spī-l-ā̂, -iā̃ f., *spai-dl-ia-, *spei-dl-ia-, *spī-dl-iac., *spī-dl-iā̃ f.; *spi-t-ul-iā̃ f., *spī̂-n-ā̂ (2), spī̂-n-iā̃ (2) f., *spaî-l-iā̃ (1) f.

Meaning: sharp, pointed

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: spīlī̃-s (dial.) `Speil(er), Stachel, Dorn; hölzerner Nagel', pl. spīliaĩ `Sperrute der Leinweber', spīlà `Schilfrohr; Schilfrohor auf dem Dach', pl. spī̃lōs `Knebelhölzchen, aufgesp; spīle, -a `Gabelung, Zwicke, Zwickeisen, Krebsschere, Speil (zum Zusammenhalten der Schiffsbretter)', pl. `Not, Verlegenheit', spīla `kleine Holzgabel'; spīnà `(Vor)hänge-, Vorlegeschloss; (Tür)schloss, dial. (Tür-, Fenster)pfosten bzw. das obere Querstück des (Tür-, Fenster)rahmens; Tür-, Fensterstutz'; spaiglī̃-s, dial. speiglī̃-s `Spule (der Vogelfeders), der beim Rupfen in der Haut zurückgebliebene Federteil, Federstoppel; Hachel, Stachel'; spīglī̃-s, diakl. spī̃gli-s `Nadel (der Nadelhölzer), Stachel, Dorn, (techn.) Stift', dial. spī̃glē `id.', spīglē̃ `Stichling, Gasterosteus acukeatus'; spitulē̃ `die Nadel, der Dorn in der Schnalle', spitnà `id.'

Lettish: spîla, plo. spîles, spĩles 'Gabelung, zweizinkige Mistgabel, Holzgabel'; spīne `eine mit beiden Enden in die Wand getriebene eiserne Klammer, woran Ketten befestigt werden; ein in die Wand getriebener Nagel', spĩne `Vorhängeschloss', spĩna `lange, dünne, geschmeidige Gerte', spina `Gerte, Rute (von Laubbäumen geschnitten)'; spiga `Peitschenstiel, Rute ohne Äste'; pl. spaĩgul̨i `Blutfedern (?), Ansätze der Federn'; spaĩle, spaĩlis 'Strick, chwade des Mähers'; Stecken, an einem Ende gespalten, um etwas einzuklemmen', spailes pl. 'Werkzeuge zum Fangen von Tieren'; spaiglis 'Krebsgabel, ein an einem Ende gespaltener Stecken, uim darin Krebse einzuklemmen'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *spitō(n), *spit=, *spitja-; *spinVl=; *spīla-z, -ō; *spil=; *spīka-z, *spaikēn, *spikō; *spīr=, *spī́xō(n); *spēnu-z

Meaning: splinter, peg, etc.

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: spīla f. `schmales Holzstück'; spīk-r m. `Nagel'; spīk f. `Splitter'; spīra f. `Rohr, schlanker Baum'; spān-n m. `Span; Schindel; Holzspan zum Losen'

Norwegian: dial. spita f. `Pflock', spīt m. `Spitze, dünner Wassertrahl'; finn `Borstengras'; dial. spila `Scheibe', spel, spela, spīl `flacher Splitter; dünnes flaches Bein'; dial. spīk `schmales Holzstück, Schienbein'; spira `junger Baumstamm, Strahl'; spōn

Old Swedish: fina `Flosse', fen, fena `Achel'

Swedish: speta `Pflock'; spik; spɔn

Danish: spile; spig; spire `Schössling'; spɔn

Old English: spitu f. `Bratspiess'; spāca, -an m. `spoke (of a wheel); part of the body (= ribb-spācan)', spīcing, -es m. `spike (?)'; spīr `rietstengel'; spīr `Schössling'; spōn, -es m., -e f.(?) `chip, shaving'

Middle English: spyk

English: spit; dial. spile `spijl'; spoke, spike; spire; spoon

Old Frisian: spōn `flaches Brustschild von Gold als Schmuck'

East Frisian: Fris spyl, spīle

Old Saxon: spinela `Haarnadel', spenula `Schnalle'; spēka `Speiche'

Middle Dutch: spit, spet, gen. spētes n.; spīle f. `dunne staak, pin'; spīker m.; spike; spier n. `grashalm, spitse paal'; Kil. spie, spije; spaan, spāne m., n.; spēke, speec; spīcing

Dutch: spit n. `braadspit'; spijl f.; spijker m.; spier f. `halm, lichaamspierm, lange spiel'; spie, spij f. `pin'; spaan f.; { dial. speek }

Middle Low German: spit, spet n.; spīle `Bratspiess, Spiess, an dem man Fleisch, Würste usw. zum Räuchern oder Trocknen aufhängt, womit man etwas aufspreizt; die jungen Kielfedern (Stiften) in der Haut der Gans'; spīker `eiserner Nagel'; spīr n. `punt, van halmen en grasstengels; aar'; spān; spōn `kleiner hölzerner Spaten'

Low German: spīker `eiserner Nagel'

Old High German: spizza f. (8.Jh.); spiʒ m. (9.Jh.) 'Brat-, Holzspiess; Zweig, Gerte'; spizzi (9.Jh.) `spitz'; { spinula, spenula `Stacknadel, Schnalle' }; speihha, speihho (9.Jh.), speih (um 1000) `Speiche'; spān `Holzstücken, Holzscheit' (9.Jh.)

Middle High German: spiz, spitze adj.; spitze st./wk. f. 'spitze, spitzes ende irgendeines d.; schnabel an den schuhen; landspitze'; spiz, spitz, gen. -tzes st. m. 'spitze; pfahl, palisade; keilförmige schlachtordnung'; spiʒ, gen. -ʒʒes st. m. 'bratspiess; holzspiess, splitter'; spënel, spëndel f. 'stecknadel'; { vinne `Nagel' }; { spīl m. `Spitze des Speeres' }; md. spīcher (14.Jh.) `Speichernagel'; spān st. m. 'span, bes. holzspan; einschnitt ins kerbholz'; speiche wk. f. 'radspeiche'

German: spitz, Spitze f., Spiess m. 'Bratspiess'; { Speiler, dial. Speil `Span, Splitter, Zwickel, Keil' }; Speiche f.; Span m.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 771

Proto: *pije

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: stone

German meaning: Stein

Finnish: pii, pii-kivi 'Feuerstein' ?

Estonian: pii-kivi ?

Nenets (Yurak): päe (O), päej (Nj.) 'Stein; Glas; Schleifstein'

Enets (Yen): fû (Ch.), fu (pu) (B)

Nganasan (Tawgi): fála, fuálla

Selkup: pǖ (TaM Ke. Ty. Tur.)

Kamass: pi 'Stein; Flint, Feuerstein'

Addenda: Koib. pi; Mot. hilä; Taig. hyla 'Felsen'

Yukaghir parallels: pie 'Berg; Stein, Felsen'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *pxa-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: хрящ, остов

English meaning: cartilage, carcass

Georgian: pxa-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): хрящ, ость (злака)

Georgian meaning (Engl.): cartilage, beard (of spike)

Megrel: xa-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): хрящ змеи, чешуя рыбы

Megrel meaning (Eng.): snake cartilage, fish scale

Svan: pxa

Svan meaning (Rus.): кость рыбы, змееныш

Svan meaning (Eng.): fish bone, young of snake

Laz: mxa-

Laz meaning (Rus.): кость рыбы

Laz meaning (Eng.): fish bone

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 194, EWK 367. В МССHЯ 352-353 основа сравнивается с ПИЕ *(s)peHi- 'острие, острый конец', ур. *pȳ[ɣ]V 'кремень, острый камень', алт. *piubu ( < *piuɣu) 'точить' < ностр. *ṗi[H]V. Сравнение с ПЗК *pq(a)- 'кость, скелет' (см. ЭСКЯ ibid., Климов 1969) следует отвергнуть: последнее восстанавливается в виде *bǝq:Iʷǝ и сравнивается с ПВК *bŏnq̇_ō 'спина' (см. NCED 310).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVHV

Meaning : sharp, to whet

Eurasiatic : *pVxwV

Afroasiatic : *faʔ- (+ Cush., Chad. in 1836)

Reference : ND 1652, 1836.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *faʔ-

Meaning: sharp point, arrow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *pVʔ- 'edge'

Western Chadic: *fyaH- 'arrow'

Low East Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ- 'arrow'

South Cushitic: *fay- 'arrow'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 293

Proto-Semitic: *pVʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'edge'

Hebrew: pēʔā

Aramaic: pā/ăʔ-t-

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *fyaH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'arrow'

Bokos: nvyà [JgR]

Daffo-Butura: nvyàh [Jg]

Notes: cp. Ch *fiya 'shoot, sting' 1, 'prick' 2, 'pierce with a spear' 3: W Tangale peyi 1 [JgT], C Mofu fáf, féf 3 [BMof], E Kera féyá 2 [Eb].

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *fiʔ-/*fuʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'arrow'

Oromo (Galla): fia, fue

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *fay-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'arrow'

Alagwa (Wasi): fayu/e

Burunge (Mbulungi): fayu/e

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