Jacobsen 1964: 504-505. Polysemy: 'all / everything'. Quantitative stem.

Jacobsen 1964: 494; Jacobsen 1958a: 7. Unrestricted noun stem. According to [Jacobsen 1964: 494], may be connected with the dependent verb stem =ˈapuʔ 'gray' and contain the prefix cʼ=.

The Washo Project. Glossed as 'tree bark'. Unrestricted noun stem. Cf. medumˈamaʔ 'tree branch' [The Washo Project].

Jacobsen 1964: 415; Jacobsen 1958a: 5. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach'. Unrestricted noun stem.

Jacobsen 1964: 373; Jacobsen 1958a: 12.

Jacobsen 1964: 290; Jacobsen 1958a: 9. Unrestricted noun stem.

Jacobsen 1964: 165, 242, 460, 461; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Transitive verb stem. Erroneously transcribed in [Jacobsen 1958a: 14] as gˈiːtiʔ. Other sources such as [Jacobsen 1964] and [The Washo Project] agree on glottalized tʼ. Cf. the following example: gegˈiːtʼiʔi 'it's biting him' [Jacobsen 1964: 242]. Cf. the lexical prefix ʔle= (ʔl^e- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) 'by biting' [Jacobsen 1964: 524; Jacobsen 1958a: 14].

Jacobsen 1964: 332; Jacobsen 1958a: 6. Dependent verb stem. Alternative candidates: =ˈinkin 'black' [Jacobsen 1964: 336; Jacobsen 1958a: 6], =ˈipeš 'black' [Jacobsen 1964: 338; Jacobsen 1958a: 6], =ˈicʼiš 'black' [Jacobsen 1964: 336; Jacobsen 1958a: 6]. The semantic difference between the four stems for 'black' is not known. We tentatively choose =ˈayaw because it is the only word for 'black' attested in [Kroeber 1907: 259, 299, 305, 312].

Jacobsen 1964: 432; Jacobsen 1958a: 6. Restricted noun stem. Also functions as the intransitive verb stem 'to bleed' [Jacobsen 1964: 411].

Jacobsen 1964: 286; Jacobsen 1958a: 6. Restricted noun stem.

Jacobsen 1964: 264; Jacobsen 1958a: 5. Glossed as 'chest'. Unrestricted noun stem. The transcription šˈuː in [Jacobsen 1958a] reflects automatic lengthening of word-final stressed vowels. Distinct from =ˈalaʔ 'woman's breast' [Jacobsen 1958a: 5].

Jacobsen 1964: 289. Transitive verb stem. Morphological analysis: du= (d^u- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) = intransitive lexical prefix 'fire to burn / by fire or heat' [Jacobsen 1964: 281; Jacobsen 1958a: 14], =ˈaŋaʔ = dependent verb stem 'on, upon', -ha = 'causative'. Example: ga=d=ˈoŋa-ha 'burn it!' [Jacobsen 1964: 289]. There are other verbs that can be translated as 'to burn (tr.)': 1) d=otʼik-ha (du= = intransitive lexical prefix 'fire to burn', =atʼik = dependent verb stem 'to kill, be killed, be hurt, harmed', -ha = 'causative'). Examples: gadˈotʼikhayˈašaʔi 'he will burn him', ledˈotʼikhayi 'it burned me' [The Washo Project]. d=otʼik-ha is ineligible because it requires an animate patient and apparently means 'hurt by burning' or 'kill by burning'; 2) d=ˈopoš-ha 'to burn (something) up' (du= = intransitive lexical prefix 'fire to burn', =ˈapuš = dependent verb stem 'gray', -ha = 'causative') [Jacobsen 1964: 585]. Examples: gadˈopošha 'burn it up!' [Jacobsen 1964: 359], dˈaŋal didˈopošhayˈašaʔi 'I will burn the house' [The Washo Project]. It is hard to choose between d=ˈoŋa-ha and d=ˈopoš-ha without a significant collection of Washo texts.

Jacobsen 1964: 472; Jacobsen 1958a: 5. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Unrestricted noun stem. Morphological analysis: tul= = derivational prefix 'of the hand', =ˈipiʔ = restricted noun stem 'blanket' [Jacobsen 1964: 472]. The semantic evolution 'blanket of the hand' > 'fingernail' seems strange. Either the original meaning of =ˈipiʔ was something like 'covering' or the homonymy between 'fingernail' and 'blanket' is accidental. The former scenario is supported by the fact that the word tul=ˈicʼig 'finger' is also morphologically complex and can be analysed as 'stalk of the hand' (=ˈicʼig = restricted noun stem 'stem, stalk') [Jacobsen 1964: 472].

Jacobsen 1964: 111; Jacobsen 1958a: 7. Unrestricted noun stem. Morphological analysis: de= (d^e- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) = nominalizing prefix, w= = static prefix, =mˈahm = intransitive verb stem 'to be cloudy' [Jacobsen 1964: 305].

Jacobsen 1964: 541; Jacobsen 1958a: 12. Glossed as '(water in container) to be frozen, (object) to be cold, frozen, (person) to be frozen, freezing'. Intransitive verb stem. Secondary synonym: wˈɨhl 'cold' [Jacobsen 1958a: 12] (examples: wˈɨhli 'he's cold' [Jacobsen 1964: 238], diwˈɨhɨlegi 'I was very cold' [Jacobsen 1964: 632]).

Jacobsen 1964: 379; Jacobsen 1958a: 13. Glossed as 'to have come'. Intransitive verb stem.

Jacobsen 1964: 585. Intransitive verb stem.

Jacobsen 1964: 174; Jacobsen 1958a: 8. Unrestricted noun stem. An areal word, borrowed from one of the neighboring unrelated languages, cf. Wintu suku 'dog, horse', Nisenan sukku 'dog'. Secondary synonym: dewdˈecʼuweʔ 'dog' [Jacobsen 1958a: 8] (not attested in other sources).

Jacobsen 1964: 274; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Intransitive verb stem. Also functions as the restricted noun stem 'water' [Jacobsen 1964: 304].

Jacobsen 1964: 270; Jacobsen 1958a: 12. Glossed as 'to be dry'. Intransitive verb stem.